Anunnaki

Subscribe dulu channel saya DEKNU ARDANA

Empat arca tembaga yang berasal dari kisaran tahun 2130 SM. Keempat arca ini menggambarkan empat dewa Mesopotamia kuno, dengan mahkota runcing yang menjadi ciri khasnya.

Anunnaki adalah seorang dewa yang dalam mitologi Sumeria, Akkadia, Asiria, dan Babilonia. Terdapat berbagai keterangan mengenai jumlah Anunnaki dan hakikat mereka, tetapi keterangan-keterangan ini sering kali saling bertentangan. Dalam tulisan-tulisan Sumeria (yang berasal dari zaman Pasca-Akkadia), Anunnaki adalah dewa-dewa terkuat keturunan An (dewa langit) yang menentukan nasib umat manusia.

Dalam kisah Turunnya Inanna ke Dunia Bawah, Anunnaki digambarkan sebagai tujuh hakim yang duduk di hadapan takhta Ereshkigal di Dunia Bawah untuk menguji kecerdasan mereka siapa yang layak memimpin bumi. Naskah-naskah Akkadia (seperti Epos Gilgames) kemudian juga menuliskan keterangan yang serupa. Pada zaman Babilonia Kuno, Anunnaki diyakini merupakan dewa-dewa Dunia Bawah, sementara para dewa langit dikenal dengan sebutan Igigi. Orang Het kuno menganggap Anunnaki sebagai generasi dewa tertua yang telah digulingkan dan di sembunyikan ke Dunia Bawah oleh para dewa yang lebih muda. Anunnaki sering muncul dalam buku sejarah semu modern (seperti buku-buku karya Zecharia Sitchin) dan dalam teori konspirasi (seperti yang dicetuskan oleh David Icke).

Daftar pustaka

• Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed (31 March 2014), "Copper alloy foundation figurines with pegs representing Gods", Ancient History Encyclopedia 
• Archi, Alfonso (1990), "The Names of the Primeval Gods", Orientalia, NOVA, Rome, Italy: Gregorian Biblical Press, 59 (2): 114–129, JSTOR 43075881 
• Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, London, England: The British Museum Press, ISBN 0-7141-1705-6 
• Brisch, Nicole (2016), "Anunna (Anunnaku, Anunnaki) (a group of gods)", Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, University of Pennsylvania Museum 
• Coleman, J. A.; Davidson, George (2015), The Dictionary of Mythology: An A-Z of Themes, Legends, and Heroes, London, England: Arcturus Publishing Limited, hlm. 108, ISBN 978-1-78404-478-7 
• Collins, Billie Jean (2002), "Necromancy, Fertility and the Dark Earth: The Use of Ritual Pits in Hittite Cult", dalam Mirecki, Paul; Meyer, Marvin, Magic and Ritual in the Ancient World, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, hlm. 224–233, ISBN 90-04-10406-2 
• Dalley, Stephanie (1989), Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-283589-0 
• Edzard, D. O. (1965), "Mesopotamien. Die Mythologie der Sumerer und Akkader", Wörterbuch der Mythologie, erste Abteilung, I (Götter und Mythen im Vorderen Orient): 17–140 
• Falkenstein, A. (1965), "Die Anunna in der sumerischen Überlieferung", Assyriological Studies (16): 127–140 
• Fritze, Ronald H. (2009), Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions, London, England: Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-430-4 
• Fritze, Ronald H. (2016), Egyptomania: A History of Fascination, Obsession and Fantasy, London, England: Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-78023-639-1 
• Katz, D. (2003), The Image of the Underworld in Sumerian Sources, Bethesda, Maryland: CDL Press, hlm. 403 
• Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961), Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.: Revised Edition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-1047-6 
• Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963), The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-45238-7 
• Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), "The Sumerian Deluge Myth: Reviewed and Revised", Anatolian Studies, British Institute at Ankara, 33: 115–121, doi:10.2307/3642699, JSTOR 3642699 
• Leemings, David (2009), The Oxford Companion to World Mythology, Oxford University Press, hlm. 21, ISBN 978-0195387087 
• Leick, Gwendolyn (1998) [1991], A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology, New York City, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19811-9 
• Leick, Gwendolyn (2003), The Babylonians: An Introduction, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-25315-2 
• Levenda, Peter (2008), Stairway to Heaven: Chinese Alchemists, Jewish Kabbalists, and the Art of Spiritual Transformation, New York City, New York and London, England: Continuum International Publishing Group, Inc., ISBN 978-0-8264-2850-9 
• Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Daily Life, Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood, ISBN 978-0313294976 
• Oshima, Takayoshi (2010), ""Damkianna Shall Not Bring Back Her Burden in the Future": A new Mythological Text of Marduk, Enlil and Damkianna", dalam Horowitz, Wayne; Gabbay, Uri; Vukosavokić, Filip, A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnick Westenholz, 8, Madrid, Spain: Biblioteca del Próximo Oriente Antiguo, ISBN 978-84-00-09133-0 
• Pritchard, James B., ed. (2010), The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, Princeton University Press, hlm. 34, ISBN 9780691147260 
• Puhvel, Jaan (1987), Comparative Mythology, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-3938-6 
• Robertson, David G. (2016), Cox, James; Sutcliffe, Steven; Sweetman, William, ed., UFOs, Conspiracy Theories and the New Age: Millennial Conspiracism, Bloomsbury Advances in Religious Studies, London, England: Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 978-1474253208 
• Rogers, John H. (1998), "Origins of the Ancient Astronomical Constellations: I: The Mesopotamian Traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, London, England: The British Astronomical Association, 108 (1): 9–28, Bibcode:1998JBAA..108....9R 
• Van Scott, Miriam (1998), The Encyclopedia of Hell: A Comprehensive Survey of the Underworld, New York City, New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Griffin, ISBN 0-312-18574-X 
• Willis, Roy (2012), World Mythology, New York: Metro Books, hlm. 62, ISBN 978-1-4351-4173-5 
• Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer, New York City, New York: Harper&Row Publishers, ISBN 0-06-090854-8