Dhāraṇī
Dharani (Devanagari: धारणी, IAST: dhāraṇī) adalah nyanyian Buddhis, kode mnemonik, puji-pujian, bacaan atau mantra yang biasanya terdiri dari frasa Sanskerta atau Pali. Dipercaya sebagai pelindung dan memiliki kekuatan untuk mendatangkan pahala bagi umat Buddha. Dharani merupakan bagian utama dari literatur Buddhis yang bersejarah.[1][2][3] Nyanyian ini berakar dalam literatur Vedic Sanskrit,[4] dan banyak yang ditulis dalam skrip Sansekerta seperti aksara Siddham[5] serta ditransliterasikan ke dalam skrip bahasa Mandarin, Korea, Jepang dan lainnya.[6][7][8]
Catatan
Referensi
- ^ Richard McBride (2004). Robert Buswell, ed. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Macmillan Reference. hlm. 21, 180, 217–218, 253. ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9.
- ^ Moriz Winternitz (1996). A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 369–374 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-0265-0.
- ^ Davidson 2009, hlm. 101-102.
- ^ Frits Staal (1991). Harvey P. Alper, ed. Understanding Mantras. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 59–66. ISBN 978-81-208-0746-4.
- ^ F Max Muller; Bunyiu Nanjio (1881). Anecdota Oxoniensia: Buddhist texts from Japan, edited by F.M. Müller. 1881-1884, Vol 1, Part 3. Oxford University Press. hlm. 22–25.
- ^ Helen J. Baroni (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. hlm. 66. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6.
- ^ Robert Gimello (2010). Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, ed. Images in Asian Religions: Text and Contexts. University of British Columbia Press. hlm. 229–231. ISBN 978-0-7748-5980-6.
- ^ Silvio A. Bedini (1994). The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-521-37482-8.
Daftar pustaka
- Braarvig, Jens (1985). Dhāraṇī and Pratibhāna: Memory and Eloquence of the Bodhisattvas, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 8 (1), 17-30
- Buswell, Robert Jr; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., ed. (2013). Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. hlm. 241–242. ISBN 9780691157863.
- Copp, Paul (2014). The Body Incantatory: Spells and the Ritual Imagination in Medieval Chinese Buddhism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-53778-0.
- Davidson, Ronald M. (2009). "Studies in Dhāraṇī Literature I: Revisiting the Meaning of the Term Dhāraṇī". Journal of Indian Philosophy. Springer Nature. 37 (2): 97–147. doi:10.1007/s10781-008-9054-8.
- Davidson, Ronald M. (2014). "Studies in Dhāraṇī Literature II: Pragmatics of Dhāraṇīs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 77: 5–61. doi:10.1017/S0041977X13000943.
- McBride, Richard, D., Dharani and Spells in Medieval China, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 28 (1), 85-114, 2005
- Nattier, Jan (1992). "The Heart Sūtra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 15 (2). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-29. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-25.
- Red Pine. The Heart Sutra: The Womb of the Buddhas (2004) Shoemaker & Hoard. ISBN 1-59376-009-4
- Yiengpruksawan, Mimi Hall (1987). One millionth of a Buddha: the Hyakumanto Dharani in the Scheide Library[pranala nonaktif permanen], Princeton University Library Chronicle 48 : 224-38
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Toganoo, Shozui (1971). "The Symbol-system of Shingon Buddhism (1)". Journal of Esoteric Buddhism. 96: 95–70.
- Toganoo, Shozui (1971). "The Symbol-system of Shingon Buddhism (2)". Journal of Esoteric Buddhism. 97: 73–53.
Pranala luar
- Dharani stamp, Kashmir, 7thC-8thC, British Museum
- What is a One Million Pagoda?, Kyoto National Museum, Japan
- Pictures of 8th-century dharanis[pranala nonaktif permanen], National Diet Library, Japan
- 百万塔・百万塔陀羅尼, Hyakumanto and Invocation, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York