Biseksualitas
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Biseksualitas merupakan ketertarikan romantis, ketertarikan seksual, atau kebiasaan seksual kepada pria maupun wanita. Istilah ini umumnya digunakan dalam konteks ketertarikan manusia untuk menunjukkan perasaan romantis atau seksual kepada pria maupun wanita sekaligus.[1][2][3] Istilah ini juga didefinisikan sebagai meliputi ketertarikan romantis atau seksual pada semua jenis identitas gender atau pada seseorang tanpa mempedulikan jenis kelamin atau gender biologis orang tersebut, yang terkadang disebut panseksualitas.[4][5][6]
Biseksualitas adalah salah satu dari tiga klasifikasi utama orientasi seksual, bersama dengan heteroseksualitas dan homoseksualitas, yang masing-masing merupakan bagian dari Rangkaian kesatuan heteroseksual-homoseksual. Suatu identitas biseksual tidak harus memiliki ketertarikan seksual yang sama besar pada kedua jenis kelamin; biasanya, orang-orang yang memiliki ketertarikan pada kedua jenis kelamin tetapi memiliki tingkat ketertarikan yang berbeda juga mengidentifikasikan diri mereka sebagai biseksual.[7] Biseksualitas umumnya dikontraskan dengan homoseksualitas, heteroseksualitas, dan aseksualitas.
Biseksualitas telah teramati terdapat dalam berbagai golongan masyarakat manusia[8] dan juga pada kelompok hewan[9][10][11] di sepanjang sejarah tertulis. Istilah biseksualitas, sebagaimana hetero- dan homoseksualitas, diciptakan pada abad ke-19 M.[12]
Definisi
Orientasi, identitas, kebiasaan seksual
Akurasi penamaan
Skala Kinsey
Prevalensi
Berbagai penelitian, teori, dan tanggapan masyarakat
]</ref> Proposed reasons include a combination of genetic factors[13][14] and environmental factors (including fraternal birth order, where the number of older brothers a boy has increases the chances of homosexuality; specific prenatal hormone exposure, where hormones play a role in determining sexual orientation as they do with sex differentiation;[15][16] and prenatal stress on the mother[17][18][19]).
The American Academy of Pediatrics has stated that "sexual orientation probably is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences."[20] The American Psychological Association has stated that "there are probably many reasons for a person's sexual orientation and the reasons may be different for different people". It further stated that, for most people, sexual orientation is determined at an early age.[21] The American Psychiatric Association stated: "To date there are no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for homosexuality. Similarly, no specific psychosocial or family dynamic cause for homosexuality has been identified, including histories of childhood sexual abuse."[22] Research into how sexual orientation may be determined by genetic or other prenatal factors plays a role in political and social debates about homosexuality, and also raises fears about genetic profiling and prenatal testing.[23]
Sigmund Freud believed that every human being is bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In his view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality. Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women, but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures. Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders. Freud's belief in innate bisexuality was rejected by Sándor Radó and, following Rado, by many later psychoanalysts.[24]
Human bisexuality has mainly been studied alongside homosexuality. Van Wyk and Geist argue that this is a problem for sexuality research because the few studies that have observed bisexuals separately have found that bisexuals are often different from both heterosexuals and homosexuals. Furthermore, bisexuality does not always represent a halfway point between the dichotomy. Research indicates that bisexuality is influenced by biological, cognitive and cultural variables in interaction, and this leads to different types of bisexuality.[25]
In the current debate around influences on sexual orientation, biological explanations have been questioned by social scientists, particularly by feminists who encourage women to make conscious decisions about their life and sexuality. A difference in attitude between homosexual men and women has also been reported, with men more likely to regard their sexuality as biological, "reflecting the universal male experience in this culture, not the complexities of the lesbian world." There is also evidence that women's sexuality may be more strongly affected by cultural and contextual factors.[26]
Camille Paglia has promoted bisexuality as an ideal.[27] Harvard Shakespeare professor Marjorie Garber made an academic case for bisexuality with her 1995 book Vice Versa: Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life, which argued that most people would be bisexual if not for repression and other factors such as lack of sexual opportunity.[28] -->
Faktor-faktor sosial
Hasrat seksual
Maskulinisasi
Hormon-hormon pra-kelahiran
Struktur otak
Kromosom
Teori evolusioner
Sejarah
Yunani kuno
Romawi kuno
Status sosial
Lambang kebanggaan
Media
Film
Kanada
Inggris
Musik
Literatur
Serial internet
Stereotip media
Pada hewan
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ^ "Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality". American Psychological Association. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 8, 2013. Diakses tanggal April 21, 2014.
- ^ "Sexual Orientation". American Psychiatric Association. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal July 26, 2011. Diakses tanggal December 3, 2012.
- ^ "GLAAD Media Reference Guide". GLAAD. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 January 2011. Diakses tanggal 14 March 2012.
- ^ Soble, Alan (2006). "Bisexuality". Sex from Plato to Paglia: a philosophical encyclopedia. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 115. ISBN 978-0-313-32686-8.
- ^ Firestein, Beth A. (2007). Becoming Visible: Counseling Bisexuals Across the Lifespan. Columbia University Press. hlm. 9–12. ISBN 0231137249. ISBN 9780231137249. Diakses tanggal October 3, 2012.
- ^ Rice, Kim (2009). "Pansexuality". Dalam Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Sex and Society. 2. Marshall Cavendish. hlm. 593. ISBN 978-0-7614-7905-5. Diakses tanggal 3 October 2012.
Pada beberapa konteks, istilah panseksualitas digunakan bergantian dengan biseksualitas, yang merujuk pada ketertarikan pada individu-individu dari kedua jenis kelamin... Mereka yang dikenali sebagai biseksual merasa bahwa gender, jenis kelamin biologis, dan orientasi seksual tidak menjadi hal yang penting untuk menjalin hubungan yang potensial.
- ^ Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E., Hunter, J., & Braun, L. (February 2006). Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time. Journal of Sex Research, 43(1), 46–58. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
- ^ Crompton, Louis (2003). Homosexuality and Civilization. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-01197-X.
- ^ Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. London: Profile Books, Ltd. ISBN 1-86197-182-6.
- ^ Roughgarden, Joan (May 2004). Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24073-1.
- ^ Driscoll, Emily V. (July 2008). "Bisexual Species: Unorthodox Sex in the Animal Kingdom". Scientific American.
- ^ Harper, Douglas (November 2001). "Bisexuality". Online Etymology Dictionary. Diakses tanggal 16 February 2007.
- ^ DOI:10.1007.2Fs10508-008-9381-6
Rujukan ini akan diselesaikan secara otomatis dalam beberapa menit. Anda dapat melewati antrian atau membuat secara manual - ^ What the gay brain looks like, Time;
- ^ Dörner, G.; Rohde, W.; Stahl, F.; Krell, L.; Masius, W.-G. (1975). "A neuroendocrine predisposition for homosexuality in men". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 4 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/BF01541882. PMID 165797.
- ^ Ellis, L; Ames, MA (1987). "Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: A theory of homosexuality-heterosexuality". Psychological Bulletin. 101 (2): 233–258. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.233. PMID 2882536.
- ^ Dörner, G.; Geier, T.; Ahrens, L.; Krell, L.; Münx, G.; Sieler, H.; Kittner, E.; Müller, H. (1980). "Prenatal stress as possible aetiogenetic factor of homosexuality in human males". Endokrinologie. 75 (3): 365–368. PMID 7428712.
- ^ Dörner, G.; Schenk, B.; Schmiedel, B.; Ahrens, L. (1983). "Stressful events in prenatal life and bi- and homosexual men". Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology. 31: 83–87.
- ^ Ellis, L.; Cole-Harding, S. (2001). "The effects of prenatal stress, and of prenatal alcohol and nicotine exposure, on human sexual orientation". Physiology and Behavior. 74 (1–2): 213–226. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00564-9. PMID 11564471.
- ^ "Sexual Orientation and Adolescents" (PDF). American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Report. Diakses tanggal 23 February 2007.
- ^ "Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality". American Psychological Association. Diakses tanggal 3 February 2009.
- ^ American Psychiatric Association (May 2000). "Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues". Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrics.
- ^ Mitchum, Robert (12 August 2007). "Study of gay brothers may find clues about sexuality". Chicago Tribune. Diakses tanggal 4 May 2007. [pranala nonaktif]
- ^ Ruse, Michael (1988). Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. hlm. 22, 25, 45. ISBN 0 631 15275 X.
- ^ Van Wyk PH,Geist CS (1995). "Biology of Bisexuality: Critique and Observations". Journal of Homosexuality. 28 (3–4): 357–373. doi:10.1300/J082v28n03_11. PMID 7560936.
- ^ Veniegas, Rosemary c.; Terri D. Conley (2000). "Biological Research on Women's Sexual Orientations: Evaluating the Scientific Evidence". Journal of Social Issues. 56 (2): 267–282. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00165.
- ^ Paglia, Camille (1995). Vamps and Tramps: New Essays. New York: Penguin Books. hlm. 94. ISBN 0-14-024828-5.
- ^ Garber, Marjorie B. (2000). Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life. New York: Routledge. hlm. 249. ISBN 0-415-92661-0.
- ^ "www.nydailynews.com". New York. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-02-07.
Bacaan lain
Umum
- Dag Øistein Endsjø, Sex and Religion. Teachings and Taboos in the History of World Faiths. Reaktion Books 2011.
- Sigmund Freud. Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex. ISBN 0-486-41603-8
- Michel Larivière. Homosexuels et bisexuels célèbres, Delétraz Editions, 1997. ISBN 2-911110-19-6
Yunani dan Romawi kuno
- Eva Cantarella. Bisexuality in the Ancient World, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1992, 2002. ISBN 978-0-300-09302-5
- Kenneth J. Dover. Greek Homosexuality, New York; Vintage Books, 1978. ISBN 0-394-74224-9
- Thomas K. Hubbard. Homosexuality in Greece and Rome, U. of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-23430-8
- Herald Patzer. Die Griechische Knabenliebe [Greek Pederasty], Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982. In: Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Vol. 19 No. 1.
- W. A. Percy III. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece, University of Illinois Press, 1996. ISBN 0-252-02209-2
Per negara
- Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, et al. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature, New York: New York University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8147-7468-7
- J. Wright & Everett Rowson. Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature. 1998. ISBN 0-231-10507-X (pbbk)/ ISBN 0-231-10506-1 (hdbk)
- Gary Leupp. Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995. ISBN 0-520-20900-1
- Tsuneo Watanabe & Jun'ichi Iwata. The Love of the Samurai. A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality, London: GMP Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-85449-115-5
Barat modern
- Bi Any Other Name : Bisexual People Speak Out by Loraine Hutchins, Editor & Lani Ka'ahumanu, Editor ISBN 1-55583-174-5
- Getting Bi : Voices of Bisexuals Around the World by Robyn Ochs, Editor & Sarah Rowley, Editor ISBN 0-9653881-4-X
- The Bisexual Option by Fritz Klein, MD ISBN 1-56023-033-9
- Bi Men : Coming Out Every Which Way by Ron Suresha and Pete Chvany, Editors ISBN 978-1-56023-615-3
- Bi America : Myths, Truths, And Struggles of an Invisible Community by William E. Burleson ISBN 978-1-56023-478-4
- Bisexuality in the United States : A Social Science Reader by Paula C. Rodriguez Rust, Editor ISBN 0-231-10226-7
- Bisexuality : The Psychology and Politics of an Invisible Minority by Beth A. Firestein, Editor ISBN 0-8039-7274-1
- Current Research on Bisexuality by Ronald C. Fox PhD, Editor ISBN 978-1-56023-289-6
- Exploring Biphobia. (144 KB PDF). Report on the problems caused by stereotyping of bisexuals.
- http://xoomer.alice.it/letteraturadamore/Orlando.html ("Orlando", a Virginia Woolf's novel focused on sexual ambiguity)
Bacaan lain
- Bryant, Wayne M.. Bisexual Characters in Film: From Anais to Zee. Haworth Gay & Lesbian Studies, 1997. ISBN 1-56023-894-1
Pranala luar
