Nimrud
Nimrud (bahasa Arab: كال) adalah nama yang diberikan oleh orang Arab untuk kota kuno [Asiria]] Kalhu yang terletak di sebelah selatan Mosul pada sungai Tigris di bagian utara Mesopotamia. Arkeolog menyebut kota ini Nimrud menurut nama raja Nimrod yang tercatat dalam Alkitab sebagai seorang pemburu yang terkenal (lihat Kejadian 10:11–12, Mikha 5:5, dan 1 Tawarikh 1:10). Kota ini dikenal sebagai Calah (Kalakh) dalam Alkitab.
كال (Arab) | |
 Suatu lamassu dari Nimrud pada British Museum | |
  Lokasi di Iraq | |
| Nama alternatif | Kalhu |
|---|---|
| Lokasi | Noomanea, Nineveh Province, Irak |
| Wilayah | Mesopotamia |
| Koordinat | 36°5′53.49″N 43°19′43.57″E / 36.0981917°N 43.3287694°E |
| Jenis | Pemukiman |
| Luas | 36 km2 (14 sq mi) |
Kota ini membentang pada area 360 hektare (890 ekar).[1] Reruntuhannya ditemukan dalam jarak 1 kilometer dari desa Asiria modern Noomanea di Nineveh Province, Irak. Terletak sekitar 30 kilometer (19 mi) di sebelah tenggara Mosul.}}</ref>]] The site was first described by the British traveler Claudius James Rich in 1820, shortly before his death. Excavations at Nimrud were first conducted by Austen Henry Layard, working from 1845 to 1847 and from 1849 until 1851 [2] [3] [4] Layard believed at the time that the site was part of Nineveh, and his excavation publications were thus labeled. At this point, the work was handed over to Hormuzd Rassam, himself an Assyrian, in 1853-54 and then W.K. Loftus in 1854-55. [5]
After George Smith briefly worked the site in 1873 and Rassam returned there from 1877 to 1879, Nimrud was left untouched for almost 60 years. [6] A British School of Archaeology in Iraq team led by Max Mallowan resumed digging at Nimrud in 1949. The work continued until 1963 with David Oates becoming director in 1958 followed by Julian Orchard in 1963. [7] [8] [9]
Subsequent work was by the Directorate of Antiquities of the Republic of Iraq (1956, 1959–60, 1969–78 and 1982–92), Janusz Meuzynski (1974–76), Paolo Fiorina (1987–89) with the Centro Ricerche Archeologiche e Scavi di Torino who concentrated mainly on Fort Shalmaneser, and John Curtis (1989). [10] In 1974 to his untimely death in 1976 Janusz Meuszynski the director of the Polish Center for Mediterranean Archaeology project, with the permission of the Iraqi excavation team, had the whole site documented on film—in 35mm slide film and 120mm black-and-white print film. Every relief that remained in situ, as well as the fallen, broken pieces that were distributed in the rooms across the site were photographed. Meuszynski also arranged with the architect of his project, Richard P. Sobolewski, to survey the site and record it in plan and in elevation. [11]
Excavations revealed remarkable bas-reliefs, ivories, and sculptures. A statue of Ashurnasirpal II was found in an excellent state of preservation, as were colossal winged man-headed lions weighing 10 ton pendek (9,1 t) to 30 ton pendek (27 t)[12] each guarding the palace entrance. The large number of inscriptions dealing with king Ashurnasirpal II provide more details about him and his reign than are known for any other ruler of this epoch. Portions of the site have been also been identified as temples to Ninurta and Enlil, a building assigned to Nabu, the god of writing and the arts, and as extensive fortifications.
The palaces of Ashurnasirpal II, Shalmaneser III, and Tiglath-Pileser III have been located. The famous Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III was discovered by Layard in 1846. Layard was aided by Hormuzd Rassam. The monument stands six-and-a-half-feet tall and commemorates the king's victorious campaigns of 859–824 BC. It is shaped like a temple tower at the top, ending in three steps. On one panel, Israelites led by king Jehu of Israel pay tribute and bow in the dust before king Shalmaneser III, who is making a libation to his god. The cuneiform text on the obelisk reads "Jehu the son of Omri", and mentions gifts of gold, silver, lead, and spear shafts.
Treasure of Nimrud
The "Treasure of Nimrud" unearthed in these excavations is a collection of 613 pieces of gold jewelry and precious stones. It has survived the confusions and looting after the invasion of Iraq in 2003 in a bank vault, where it had been put away for 12 years and was "rediscovered" on June 5, 2003.[13]
Colossal statues moved to London
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In 1847 after discovering more than half a dozen winged pairs of colossal statues of lions and bulls also known as lamassu weighing up to 30 ton pendek (27 t) Henry Layard brought two of the colossi weighing 10 ton pendek (9,1 t) each including one lion and one bull to London. After 18 months and several near disasters he succeeded in bringing them to the British Museum. This involved loading them onto a wheeled cart. They were lowered with a complex system of pulleys and levers operated by dozens of men. The cart was towed by 300 men. He initially tried to hook the cart up to a team of buffalo and have them haul it. However the buffalo refused to move. Then they were loaded onto a barge which required 600 goatskins and sheepskins to keep it afloat. After arriving in London a ramp was built to haul them up the steps and into the museum on rollers.
Additional 30 ton pendek (27 t) colossi were transported to Paris from Khorsabad by Paul Emile Botta in 1853. In 1928 Edward Chiera also transported a 40-ton-pendek (36 t) Colossus from Khorsabad to Chicago.[12][14] -->
Ancaman terhadap Nimrud
Berbagai monumen di Nimrud sekarang terancam oleh cuaca buruk di Irak. Kurangnya atap pelindung berarti pahatan-pahatan kuno ini mudah tererosi oleh pasir yang ditiup angin serta hujan keras musiman.[15]
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ^ Mieroop, Marc van de (1997). The Ancient Mesopotamian City. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 95. ISBN 9780191588457.
- ^ A. H. Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains, John Murray, 1849
- ^ A. H. Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, John Murray, 1853
- ^ A. H. Layard, The monuments of Nineveh; from drawings made on the spot, John Murray, 1849
- ^ Hormuzd Rassam and Robert William Rogers, Asshur and the land of Nimrod, Curts & Jennings, 1897
- ^ George Smith, Assyrian Discoveries: An Account of Explorations and Discoveries on the Site of Nineveh During 1873 to 1874, Schribner, 1875
- ^ M. E. L. Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains, 3 vols, British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 1966
- ^ Joan Oates and David Oates, Nimrud: An Imperial City Revealed, British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 2001, ISBN 0-903472-25-2
- ^ D. Oates and J. H. Reid, The Burnt Palace and the Nabu Temple; Nimrud Excavations, 1955, Iraq, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 22-39, 1956
- ^ Paolo Fiorina, Un braciere da Forte Salmanassar, Mesopotamia, vol. 33, pp. 167-188, 1998
- ^ Janusz Meuszynski, Neo-Assyrian Reliefs from the Central Area of Nimrud Citadel, Iraq, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 37-43, 1976
- ^ a b Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings. (1995) p. 112–121
- ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0602_030602_iraqgold.html
- ^ Oliphant, Margaret The Atlas Of The Ancient World (1992) p. 32
- ^ Jane Arraf (February 11, 2009). "Iraq: No Haven for Ancient World's Landmarks". The Christian Science Monitor.
Pustaka
- Henry C. Rawlinson, On the Birs Nimrud, or the Great Temple of Borsippa, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 18, pp. 1–34, 1861
- D. J. Wiseman, The Nabu Temple Texts from Nimrud, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 248–250, 1968
- D. J. Wiseman, Fragments of Historical Texts from Nimrud, Iraq, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 118–124, 1964
- Barbara Parker, Seals and Seal Impressions from the Nimrud Excavations, Iraq, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 26–40 1962
- Barbara Parker, Nimrud Tablets, 1956: Economic and Legal Texts from the Nabu Temple, Iraq, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 125–138, 1957
Pustaka tambahan
- Crawford, Vaughn E.; et al. (1980). Assyrian reliefs and ivories in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: palace reliefs of Assurnasirpal II and ivory carvings from Nimrud. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870992600. Hapus pranala luar di parameter
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Pranala luar
- Nimrud/Calah
- Centro Ricerche Archeologiche e Scavi di Torino excavation site
- Archaeological site photographs at Oriental Institute
- More images from National Geographic
- Treasure of Nimrud rediscovered, article from the Wall Street Journal posted to a message board
- THE SECRET OF NIMRUD Photographs by Noreen Feeney