Agama Dharmik
Agama Dharmik atau Agama-agama India adalah agama-agama yang berasal dari anak benua India; yakni Hinduisme, Jainisme, Buddhisme, dan Sikhisme yang mengikuti aturan Dharma.[web 1][note 1] Zoroastrianisme meskipun tidak berasal dari anak benua India, juga kadangkala dianggap sebagai suatu agama Dharmik.[1] Agama-agama ini semuanya juga diklasifikasikan sebagai agama-agama Timur. Meskipun agama-agama India terhubung melalui sejarah India, mereka membentuk berbagai komunitas keagamaan, dan tidak terbatas pada anak benua India.[web 1]
Agama-agama Dharmik dalam persentase penduduk dunia
Bukti yang membuktikan agama prasejarah di anak benua India berasal dari lukisan batu Mesolitikum yang tersebar. Orang-orang Harappa dari Peradaban Lembah Indus, yang berlangsung dari tahun 3300 sampai 1300 SM (periode dewasa, 2600-1900 SM), memiliki budaya urban awal yang mendahului agama Veda.[2][butuh sumber yang lebih baik]
Sejarah yang tercatat mengenai agama-agama India diawali dengan agama Weda historis, praktik keagamaan dari awal India-Iran, yang dikumpulkan dan kemudian disusun ke dalam Weda. Periode komposisi, redaksi, dan komentar teks-teks ini dikenal sebagai periode Weda, yang berlangsung dari sekitar tahun 1750 sampai 500 SM.[3] Bagian filosofis dari Weda dirangkum dalam upanishad, yang sering disebut sebagai Wedanta, yang ditafsirkan bermacam-macam yang berarti "bab terakhir, bagian dari Weda, atau "objek, tujuan tertinggi dari Weda".[4]
Catatan
- ^ Adams: "Agama-agama India, meliputi Buddhisme awal, Hinduisme, Jainisme, dan Sikhisme, dan kadangkala Buddhisme Theravāda dan agama-agama yang terinsipirasi Hindu dan Buddha di Asia Selatan dan Tenggara".
Referensi
- ^ "Council of Dharmic Faiths UK". councilofdharmicfaithsuk.com. Diakses tanggal 2017-05-27.
- ^ Vir Sanghvi. "Rude Travel: Down The Sages". Hindustan Times.
- ^ Michaels 2004, hlm. 33.
- ^ Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1
Sumber-sumber
Sumber buku
- Burley, Mikel (2007), Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Taylor & Francis
- Cavanaugh, William T. (2009), The Myth of Religious Violence : Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict, Oxford University Press
- Chatterjee, S; Datta, D (1984), An Introduction to Indian Philosophy (edisi ke-8th), University of Calcutta, ASIN: B0007BFXK4
- Davidson, Ronald M. (2004), Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
- Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques (1963), "Heraclitus and Iran", History of Religions, 3 (1): 34–49, doi:10.1086/462470
- Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (edisi ke-Second), London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
- Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
- Flood, Gavin; Olivelle, Patrick (2003), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Malden: Blackwell
- Fowler, JD (1997), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 1-898723-60-5
- Frawley, David (1990), From the River of Heaven: Hindu and Vedic Knowledge for the Modern Age, Berkeley, California: Book Passage Press, ISBN 1-878423-01-0
- Halbfass, Wilhelm (1995), Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta, SUNY Press
- Heehs, P (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York: New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-3650-5
- Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge, ISBN 9781136875977
- Kalupahana, David J. (1994), A history of Buddhist philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
- Khanna, Meenakshi (2007), Cultural History Of Medieval India, Berghahn Books
- Krishnananda (1994), A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India (PDF), Divine Life Society
- King, Richard (1999), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge
- Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, Routledge
- Larson, Gerald James (December 2012), "The Issue of Not Being Different Enough: Some Reflections on Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different", International Journal of Hindu Studies, 16 (3): 311–322, doi:10.1007/s11407-012-9129-8
- Lipner, Julis (1998), Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices, Routledge
- Lorenzen, David N. (2006), Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, Yoda Press, ISBN 9788190227261
- Malhotra, Rajiv (2011), Being Different: An Indian Challenge to Western Universalism, HarperCollins Publishers India
- Mallinson, James (2007), The Khecarīvidyā of Ādinātha
- Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
- Misra, Amalendu (2004), Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India, SAGE
- Muesse, Mark William (2003), Great World Religions: Hinduism
- Muesse, Mark W. (2011), The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction, Fortress Press
- Nakamura, Hajime (2004), A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
- Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press
- Nussbaum, Martha C. (2009), The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03059-6
- Oberlies, T (1998), Die Religion des Rgveda, Wien
- Puligandla, Ramakrishna (1997), Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd.
- Radhakrishnan, S; Moore, CA (1967), A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01958-4
- Raju, P.T. (1992), The Philosophical Traditions of India, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
- Rinehart, R (2004), Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice, ABC-Clio, ISBN 1-57607-905-8
- Rodriques, Hillary; Harding, John S. (2008), Introduction to the Study of Religion, Routledge
- Sherma, Rita D.; Sarma, Aravinda (2008), Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons, Springer
- Smart, Ninian (2003), Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions), Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok
- Svarghese, Alexander P. (2008), India : History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World
- Sweetman, Will (2004), "The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism", New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 6, 2 (December, 2004): 12–38
- Thapar, Romila (1978), Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations (PDF), Orient Blackswan
- Tiwari, K.N., Comparative Religion, Motilal Banarsidass
- White, David Gordon (ed.) (2000), Tantra in Practice, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-05779-6
- Yelle, Robert A. (December 2012), "Comparative Religion as Cultural Combat: Occidentalism and Relativism in Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different", International Journal of Hindu Studies, 16 (3): 335–348, doi:10.1007/s11407-012-9133-z
- Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [April 1952], Campbell, Joseph, ed., Philosophies Of India, London, E.C. 4: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6
Sumber-sumber situs web
- ^ a b Adams, C. J., Classification of religions: Geographical, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Accessed: 15 July 2010
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Heehs, Peter (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 9781850654964
- Kitagawa, Joseph (2002), The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture, Routledge, ISBN 9781136875977
- Zimmer, Heinrich (1951), Philosophies of India (reprint 1989), Princeton University Press
Pranala luar
- Statistik
- "Census of India 2001: Data on religion". Government of India (Office of the Registrar General). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 May 2007. Diakses tanggal 28 May 2007.
- Konstitusi dan hukum
- "Constitution of India". Government of India (Ministry of Law and Justice). Diakses tanggal 28 May 2007.
- Laporan
- "International Religious Freedom Report 2006: India". United States Department of State. Diakses tanggal 28 May 2007.