Loving v. Virginia
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), adalah putusan hak sipil acuan yang dikeluarkan Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat. Putusan ini membatalkan hukum yang melarang pernikahan antarras.
| Loving v. Virginia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Disidangkan pada 10 April, 1967 Diputus pada 12 Juni, 1967 | |||||
| Nama lengkap kasus | Richard Perry Loving, Mildred Jeter Loving v. Virginia | ||||
| Kutipan | 388 U.S. 1 (lanjut) 87 S. Ct. 1817; 18 L. Ed. 2d 1010; 1967 U.S. LEXIS 1082 | ||||
| Versi sebelumnya | Terdakwa dihukum, Caroline County Circuit Court (6 Januari 1959); mosi pembatalan putusan ditolak, Caroline County Circuit Court (22 Januari 1959); disahkan sebagian, dibatalkan dan dikembalikan ke penjara, 147 S.E.2d 78 (Va. 1966) | ||||
| Argumen | Oral argument | ||||
| Amar putusan | |||||
| Mahkamah menyatakan peraturan anti-pernikahan antarras Virginia, "Racial Integrity Act of 1924", tidak konstitusional dan melanggar Klausul Perlindungan Setara Amendemen ke-14. | |||||
| Hakim yang memutus | |||||
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| Pendapat | |||||
| Mayoritas | Warren, bersama suara bulat | ||||
| Menyetujui | Stewart | ||||
| Dasar hukum | |||||
| U.S. Const. amend. XIV; Va. Code §§ 20-58, 20-59 | |||||
Putusan kasus ini membatalkan putusan kasus | |||||
| Pace v. Alabama (1883) | |||||
Kasus ini diangkat oleh Mildred Loving, perempuan berkulit hitam, dan Richard Loving, laki-laki berkulit putih, yang dipenjara selama satu tahun di Virginia karena menikahi satu sama lain. Pernikahan mereka melanggar aturan anti-pernikahan antarras di negara bagian tersebut, Racial Integrity Act of 1924, yang melarang pernikahan antara orang "putih" dan orang "berwarna". Mahkamah Agung secara bulat memutuskan bahwa larangan ini tidak konstitusional, membatalkan Pace v. Alabama (1883), dan mengakhiri segala hambatan hukum berdasarkan ras dalam pernikahan di Amerika Serikat.
Setelah putusan ini, jumlah pernikahan antarras di Amerika Serikat meningkat. Tanggal sidangnya, 12 Juni, diperingati setiap tahun dengan nama Hari Loving (hari mencintai). Putusan sidang ini menjadi tema beberapa lagu dan tiga film, termasuk Loving (2016). Sejak 2013, putusan ini dijadikan acuan dalam sejumlah putusan pengadilan federal A.S. yang menyatakan bahwa larangan pernikahan sejenis di Amerika Serikat tidak konstitusional, termasuk putusan Mahkamah Agung Obergefell v. Hodges tahun 2015.
Penggugat
Mildred Delores Loving (née Jeter; 22 Juli 1939 – 2 Mei 2008) adalah putri Musial (Byrd) Jeter dan Theoliver Jeter.[1] Ia beretnis Afrika-Amerika dan memiliki keturunan Pribumi Amerika dari suku Cherokee dan Rappahannock.[2][3][4] Suaminya adalah Richard Perry Loving (29 Oktober 1933 – 29 Juni 1975),[5] seorang pria berkulit putih, putra Lola (Allen) Loving dan Twillie Loving.
Richard Loving meninggal dunia pada usia 41 tahun 1975 ketika seorang pengemudi mabuk menabrak mobilnya di Caroline County, Virginia.[6] Mildred Loving kehilangan mata kanannya dalam kecelakaan tersebut. Ia meninggal dunia akibat pneumonia pada tanggal 2 Mei 2008 di Milford, Virginia, pada usia 68 tahun.[7] Keduanya dikaruniai tiga anak: Donald, Peggy, dan Sidney.[8]
Referensi
- ^ Mildred Loving obituary Diarsipkan 2016-10-27 di Wayback Machine. accessed 10/26/2016
- ^ Lawing, Charles B. "Loving v. Virginia and the Hegemony of "Race"" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-07-04. Diakses tanggal 2013-05-31.
- ^ Walker, Dionne (2007-06-10). "Pioneer of interracial marriage looks back". Associated Press. Diakses tanggal 2015-04-27.
- ^ "Social Security Death Index (Mildred D. Loving) [database on-line]". United States: The Generations Network. Diakses tanggal May 6, 2009.
- ^ "Social Security Death Index (Richard Loving) [database on-line]". United States: The Generations Network. Diakses tanggal May 6, 2009.
- ^ "RICHARD P. LOVING; IN LAND MARK SUIT; Figure in High Court Ruling on Miscegenation Dies". The New York Times. July 1, 1975.
- ^ Douglas Martin (May 6, 2008). "Mildred Loving, Who Battled Ban on Mixed-Race Marriage, Dies at 68". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal May 7, 2008.
Mildred Loving, a black woman whose anger over being banished from Virginia for marrying a white man led to a landmark Supreme Court ruling overturning state miscegenation laws, died on May 2 at her home in Central Point, Va. She was 68.
- ^ Douglas Martin (May 6, 2008). "Mildred Loving, Who Battled Ban on Mixed-Race Marriage Dies at 68". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal November 22, 2016.
The Lovings’ son Donald died in 2000. In addition to her daughter, Peggy Fortune, who lives in Milford, Va., Mrs. Loving is survived by her son, Sidney, of Tappahannock, Va.; eight grandchildren; and 11 great-grandchildren.
Bacaan lanjutan
- Aldridge, Delores (1973). "The Changing Nature of Interracial Marriage in Georgia: A Research Note". Journal of Marriage and the Family. 35 (4): 641–642. doi:10.2307/350877. JSTOR 350877.
- Annella, M. (1967). "Interracial Marriages in Washington, D.C". Journal of Negro Education. 36 (4): 428–433. doi:10.2307/2294264. JSTOR 2294264.
- Barnett, Larry (1963). "Research on International and Interracial Marriages". Marriage and Family Living. 25 (1): 105–107. doi:10.2307/349019. JSTOR 349019.
- Brower, Brock; Kennedy, Randall L. (2003). "'Irrepressible Intimacies'. Review of Interracial Intimacies: Sex, Marriage, Identity, and Adoption, by Randall L. Kennedy". Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 40 (40): 120–124. doi:10.2307/3134064. JSTOR 3134064.
- Coolidge, David Orgon (1998). "Playing the Loving Card: Same-Sex Marriage and the Politics of Analogy". BYU Journal of Public Law. 12: 201–238.
- DeCoste, F. C. (2003). "The Halpren Transformation: Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Society, and the Limits of Liberal Law". Alberta Law Review. 41: 619–642.
- Foeman, Anita Kathy & Nance, Teresa (1999). "From Miscegenation to Multiculturalism: Perceptions and Stages of Interracial Relationship Development". Journal of Black Studies. 29 (4): 540–557. doi:10.1177/002193479902900405.
- Hopkins, C. Quince (2004). "Variety in U.S Kinship Practices, Substantive Due Process Analysis and the Right to Marry". BYU Journal of Public Law. 18: 665–679.
- Kalmijn, Matthijs (1998). "Intermarriage and Homogamy: Causes, Patterns, Trends". Annual Review of Sociology. 24 (24): 395–421. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.395. PMID 12321971.
- Koppelman, Andrew (1988). "The Miscegenation Analogy: Sodomy Law as Sex Discrimination". Yale Law Journal. 98: 145–164.
- Newbeck, Phyl (2004). Virginia hasn't always been for lovers.
- Pascoe, Peggy (1996). "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America". Journal of American History. 83 (1): 44–69. doi:10.2307/2945474. JSTOR 2945474.
- Pratt, Robert A. (1997). "Crossing the color line: A historical assessment and personal narrative of Loving v. Virginia". Howard Law Journal. 41: 229.
- Wadlington, Walter (November 1967). Domestic Relations.
- Wallenstein, Peter (2014). Race, Sex, and the Freedom to Marry: Loving v. Virginia. ISBN 978-0-7006-2000-5.
- Wildman, Stephanie (2002). "Interracial Intimacy and the Potential for Social Change: Review of Interracial Intimacy: The Regulation of Race and Romance by Rachel F. Moran". Berkeley Women's Law Journal. 17: 153–164. doi:10.2139/ssrn.309743.
- Yancey, George & Yancey, Sherelyn (1998). "Interracial Dating: Evidence from Personal Advertisements". Journal of Family Issues. 19 (3): 334–348. doi:10.1177/019251398019003006.
Pranala luar
Pranala teks putusan pengadilan
- Teks dari Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) dapat diperoleh pada: · Findlaw · UMKC · Google Scholar
Pranala luar lainnya
- ABC News: A Groundbreaking Interracial Marriage; Loving v. Virginia at 40. Interview with Mildred Jeter Loving & video of original 1967 broadcast. June 14, 2007.
- Resources at Oyez including complete audio of the oral arguments.
- Loving Decision: 40 Years of Legal Interracial Unions, National Public Radio: All Things Considered, June 11, 2007.
- The Fortieth Anniversary of Loving v. Virginia: The Legal Legacy of the Case that Ended Legal Prohibitions on Interracial Marriage Findlaw commentary by Joanna Grossman.
- Chin, Gabriel and Hrishi Karthikeyan, (2002) Asian Law Journal, vol. 9 "Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asian Americans, 1910-1950"
Templat:Gerakan Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika Templat:Amendemen ke-14 Konstitusi Amerika Serikat