Surgun Besar
Surgun Besar (bahasa Armenia: Մեծ սուրգուն, Pengasingan Besar)[1] adalah deportasi paksa penduduk (terutama orang Armenia) dari Armenia Timur ke wilayah bagian tengah dan utara Safawi Iran, yang dilakukan pada tahun 1604-1605 atas perintah Shah Abbas yang Agung selama Perang Ottoman–Safavid (1603–1618).[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
Referensi
sunting- ^ Новосельцев, Пашуто, Черепнин 1972, hlm. 47.
- ^ Shakeri 1998, hlm. 38, "In pursuit of these objectives, in 1604 Shah Abbas ordered the move of Armenians and other populations from the valley of Ararat to Persia. According to Davrizhetsi «all the inhabitants of Armenia be they Christian, Jewish, or Muslim» were ordered to move out of their homes and to adapt themselves to new homeland in Persia proper".
- ^ Новосельцев, Пашуто, Черепнин 1972, hlm. 45.
- ^ Encyclopædia Iranica. ARMENIA AND IRAN VI.
- ^ Barry 2019, hlm. 65, 97, 241.
- ^ Bournoutian 1997, hlm. 96, By the end of the eighteenth century, the Armenian population of the territory had shrunk considerably. Centuries of warfare and invasions combined with the tyranny of local khans had forced the emigration of the Armenians. It is probable the until the seventeenth century, the Armenians still maintained a majority in Eastern Armenia, but the forced relocation of some 250,000 Armenians by Shah Abbas and the numerous exoduses described in this chapter had reduced the Armenian population considerably..
- ^ Bournoutian 2003, hlm. 208, In the summer of 1604, at the news of an Ottoman counteroffensive, 'Abbas laid waste much of the territory between Kars and Ani and deported its Armenians and Muslims into Iranian Azerbaijan. … According to primary sources, some 250,000 to 300,000 Armemians were removed from the region between 1604 and 1605, Thousands died crossing the Arax River. Many of the Armenians were eventually settled in Iranian Azerbaijan, where other Armenians had settled carlier. Some ended up in the Mazandaran region and in the cities of Sultanich, Qazvin, Mashhad, Hamadan and Shiraz. The wealthy Armenians of Julfa were brought to the Safavid capital of Isfahan..
- ^ Bournoutian 2021, hlm. 237, Hearing that the Ottomans had sent a large force against him, the Shah forcibly removed the population of numerous Armenian villages in Nakhjavan and Yerevan across the Aras River into the interior.
- ^ Bournoutian 2016, hlm. 12, In 1604, during the Irano-Ottoman war, Shah `Abbas not only forcibly deported the Armenians of Julfa to Iran, but also ordered a large part of the population of Yerevan and Nakhichevan to be moved south of the Aras (Arax) River and settled in Azarbayjan. […] In addition, the above centuries of conflict, voluntary and forced emigration had reduced the Armenian population of Nakhichevan to a mere minority..
Bibliografi
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suntingDalam Bahasa Inggris
- Bournoutian, George (2021). "The Role of the Armenians in the Russian Move into the South Caucasus". From the Kur to the Aras. A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813. Iran Studies, vol. 22. Brill. hlm. 237–248. ISBN 978-90-04-44516-1.
- Bournoutian, George (2003). A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present). Mazda Publishers. ISBN 978-1568591414.
- Bournoutian, George (2016). The 1829-1832 Russian Surveys of the Khanate of Nakhichevan (Nakhjavan). Mazda Publisher. ISBN 978-1568593333.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1997a). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. I. The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-10169-5.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1997b). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780312101688.
- Kouymjian, Dickran (1997). "Armenia from the Fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the Forced Emigration under Shah Abbas (1604)". The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Richard G. Hovannisian. hlm. 1–50. ISBN 0312101686.
- Bournoutian, George (1997). "Eastern Armenia from the 17th Century to the Russian Annexation". The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Richard G. Hovannisian. hlm. 81–107. ISBN 0312101686.
- Payaslian, Simon (2008). The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present. NY: Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 9780230608580.
- Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie; Miller, Dr. Isabel (2001). "Armenia". A Political Chronology of the Middle East (edisi ke-First). UK: Psychology Press. ISBN 9781857431155.
- Shakeri, Zand (1998). The Armenians of Iran: The Paradoxical Role of a Minority in a Dominant Culture, Articles and Documents. Harvard Middle Eastern Monographs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780932885166.
- Barry, James (2019). Armenian Christians in Iran: Ethnicity, Religion, and Identity in the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108429047.
- Braudel, Fernand (1992). Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century. Berkeley, LA: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520081154.
- Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576079935.
- Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2017). "Christians in the Safavid Empire". Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 10 Ottoman and Safavid Empires (1600-1700). 10. Leiden, Boston: Brill. David Thomas, John A. Chesworth. ISBN 9789004346048.
- Kennedy, Hugh N; Brice, William Charles (1981). Historical Atlas of Islam. Brill. ISBN 9789004061163.
- Bournoutian, George A. (1994). "Armenian". An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood press. James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas. ISBN 9780313274978.
- von Haxthausen, August Freiherr (1854). Transcaucasia: Sketches of the Nations and Races Between the Black Sea and the Caspian. London: Chapman.
- Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-33228-4.
- Seth, Mesrovb Jacob (1897). History of the Armenians in India from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Luzac & co.
- Walker, Christopher J. (1980). Armenia: The Survival of a Nation. London: Croom Helm.
- Bournoutian, George A. (1999). "The Politics of Demography: Misuse of Sources on the Armenian Population of Mountainous Karabakh". Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies (dalam bahasa Inggris). New York. 9.
- Aslanian, Sebouh David (2011). From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean. The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520947573.
In other languages
- Акопян, Т.Х. (1977). Очерк истории Еревана (dalam bahasa Rusia). Ер.: Издательство Ереванского университета.
- Аракел Даврижеци (1978). "4". Книга историй. Перевод с армянского. М.: Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства «Наука».
- Новосельцев, Пашуто, Черепнин, А.П., В. Т., Л. В. (1972). Пути развития феодализма: (Закавказье, Сред. Азия, Русь, Прибалтика) (PDF). М.: Наука.
- Рыбаков, Алаев, Ашфарян и др. (2000). История Востока. В 6 т (PDF). 2. Восток в средние века. М.: Восточная литература. Р.Б. Рыбаков, Л.Б. Алаев, К.З. Ашрафян и др. ISBN 5-02-017711-3.
- Рыбаков, Алаев, Ашфарян и др., Р.Б., Л.Б., К.З. (2002). История Востока. В 6 т (PDF). 3. Восток на рубеже средневековья и нового времени XVI-XVIII вв. М.: Восточная литература РАН. ISBN 5-02-017913-2.
- Петрушевский, И. П. (1949). Очерки по истории феодальных отношений в Азербайджане и Армении в XVI — начале XIX вв (PDF). Ленинград: Ленинградский университет.
- Смирин, М. М. (1958). Всемирная история в 10 томах. Т. 4. Соцэкгиз.
- Рыбаков, Белявский и др., Б. А. Рыбаков, М. Т. Белявский, Г. А. Новицкий, А. М. Сахаров (1983). История СССР с древнейших времён до конца XVIII в (edisi ke-2-е изд., перераб. и доп.). М.: Высшая школа.
- де Рубрук, Гильом (1997). "Продолжение путешествия по Араксу. О городе Наксуа, о земле Сагенсы и о других местах". Джованни дель Плано Карпини. История монгалов. Гильом де Рубрук. Путешествие в восточные страны. Книга Марко Поло. Вступ. ст. и комментарии М. Б. Горнунга. М.: Мысль. ISBN 5-244-00851-X.
- Армянские предания. М.: Litres. 2018. ISBN 9785040624874.
- Malkhasyan, Mikayel (2020). DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN ARMENIA IN THE 16TH CENTURY AND IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY (PDF) (dalam bahasa Armenia). Yerevan: YSU PRESS.
Artikel
sunting- Мкртчян, Тер-Мкртичян, Л. К.; Л. X. (1961). "Из истории армянской общины в Бирме. (по материалам XIX в.)". Народы Азии и Африки. Наука.
- Bournoutian, George (1980). "The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire, 1826-32" (PDF). Nationalism and Social Change in Transcaucasin (dalam bahasa Inggris).
24-25
- Moreen, Vera B. (1981). "The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran 1617-61". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. The University of Chicago Press. 40 (2): 119–134. doi:10.1086/372866. JSTOR 545037.
Ensiklopedia
sunting- Encyclopædia Iranica. ARMENIA AND IRAN VI. "ARMENIA AND IRAN VI. Armeno-Iranian relations in the Islamic period". Encyclopædia Iranica.
- Stokes, Jamie; consultants: Gorman, Anthony (2009). "Armenians". Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. New York: Facts on File. hlm. 52–66. ISBN 9781438126760.