Wikipedia

Catatan Komunitas

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Community Notes, sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Birdwatch, adalah fitur di X (sebelumnya Twitter) tempat kontributor dapat menambahkan konteks seperti pemeriksaan fakta di bawah kiriman, gambar, atau video. Ini adalah program moderasi konten yang digerakkan oleh komunitas, yang dimaksudkan untuk menyediakan konteks yang bermanfaat dan informatif, berdasarkan sistem sumber daya massa. Catatan diterapkan pada konten yang berpotensi menyesatkan oleh algoritme yang tidak didasarkan pada aturan mayoritas, tetapi persetujuan dari pengguna di berbagai sisi spektrum politik.

Community Notes
Rating a Community Note on X
Tipecrowdsourced project (en) Terjemahkan Edit nilai pada Wikidata
Versi pertamaJanuary 25, 2021
Genre
LisensiApache-2.0 license
Sumber kode
Kode sumberPranala Edit nilai pada Wikidata
Informasi tambahan
Situs webhttps://communitynotes.x.com/guide
Pelacakan kesalahanLaman pelacakan Edit nilai pada Wikidata
Sunting di Wikidata Sunting di Wikidata • Sunting kotak info • L • B
Info templat
Bantuan penggunaan templat ini

Program ini diluncurkan pada tahun 2021 dan tersebar luas di X pada tahun 2023. Awalnya hanya diperlihatkan kepada pengguna AS, catatan tersebut dipopulerkan pada Maret 2022 mengenai misinformasi mengenai invasi Rusia ke Ukraina yang diikuti oleh misinformasi COVID-19 pada bulan Oktober. Birdwatch kemudian berganti nama menjadi Community Notes dan diperluas pada bulan November 2022. Hingga bulan November 2023, catatan tersebut memiliki sekitar 133.000 kontributor; catatan tersebut dilaporkan menerima puluhan juta tampilan per hari, dengan tujuannya untuk melawan propaganda dan misinformasi. Menurut Mashable, sebagian besar pengguna tidak melihat catatan yang mengoreksi konten tersebut hingga bulan November 2023.[1] Pada bulan Mei 2024, sebuah studi mengenai catatan vaksin COVID-19 dianggap akurat hingga 97% dari waktu.[2]

Kritikus juga menyoroti bagaimana program ini menyebarkan disinformasi, rentan terhadap manipulasi, dan tidak konsisten dalam penerapan catatan, serta upayanya dalam memerangi misinformasi.[a] Elon Musk, pemilik X, menganggap program ini sebagai pengubah permainan dan memiliki potensi yang besar. Setelah sebuah posting oleh Musk menerima Catatan Komunitas, ia mengklaim program tersebut telah dimanipulasi oleh aktor negara.[3]

Sejarah

 
The original logo of Birdwatch

Pada bulan Februari 2020, Twitter memperkenalkan label dan pesan peringatan yang dimaksudkan untuk membatasi konten yang berpotensi membahayakan dan menyesatkan.[4] Pada bulan Agustus 2020, pengembangan Birdwatch diumumkan, yang awalnya digambarkan sebagai alat moderasi. Twitter pertama kali meluncurkan program Birdwatch pada bulan Januari 2021, yang dimaksudkan sebagai cara untuk membantah misinformasi dan propaganda, dengan program percontohan yang melibatkan 1.000 kontributor,[5][6] beberapa minggu setelah serangan Gedung Capitol Amerika Serikat pada tanggal 6 Januari.[7] Tujuannya adalah untuk "membangun Birdwatch secara terbuka, dan dibentuk oleh komunitas Twitter." Pada bulan November 2021, Twitter memperbarui alat moderasi Birdwatch untuk membatasi visibilitas identitas kontributor dengan membuat alias untuk akun mereka, dalam upaya untuk membatasi bias terhadap penulis catatan.[6][8]

Twitter kemudian memperluas akses ke catatan yang dibuat oleh kontributor Birdwatch pada bulan Maret 2022, memberikan sekelompok pengguna AS secara acak kemampuan untuk melihat catatan yang dilampirkan ke tweet dan menilai catatan tersebut,[9] dengan pilot sebanyak 10.000 kontributor.[10] Rata-rata, kontributor mencatat 43 kali sehari pada tahun 2022 sebelum invasi Rusia ke Ukraina. Jumlah ini kemudian meningkat menjadi 156 pada hari invasi, yang diperkirakan merupakan sebagian kecil dari unggahan menyesatkan di platform tersebut. Hingga 1 Maret, hanya 359 dari 10.000 kontributor yang mengajukan catatan pada tahun 2022, sementara juru bicara Twitter menjelaskan rencana untuk meningkatkan program tersebut, dengan fokus pada "memastikan bahwa Birdwatch adalah sesuatu yang dianggap bermanfaat oleh orang-orang dan dapat membantu memberikan pemahaman".[11][12]

Pada September 2022, program ini telah diperluas hingga mencapai 15.000 pengguna.[13] Pada bulan Oktober 2022, catatan yang paling sering diterbitkan terkait dengan misinformasi COVID-19 berdasarkan penggunaan historis.[14] In November 2022, at the request of new owner Elon Musk, Birdwatch was rebranded to Community Notes, taking an open-source approach to deal with misinformation,[15] and expanded to Europe and countries outside of the US.[16][17][18]

Community Notes was then extended to include notes on misleading images in May 2023[19] and in September 2023 further extended to videos, but only for a group of power-users referred to as "Top Writers".[20] Twitter subsequently ended the ability to report misleading posts, instead relying exclusively on Community Notes,[21] with contributors proposing over 21,200 notes on the platform.[22]

In October 2023, Elon Musk announced that posts "corrected" by Community Notes would no longer be eligible for ad revenue in order to "maximize the incentive for accuracy over sensationalism" and in order to discourage the spread of misinformation and disinformation on the platform. The move was criticised by some users and applauded by others.[23][24] As of November 2023, it has expanded to over 50 countries, with approximately 133,000 contributors.[25]

Operation

 
Algorithms used by Community Notes, November 17, 2023[26]

The Community Notes algorithm publishes notes based on agreement from contributors who have a history of disagreeing.[18] Rather than based on majority rule,[27] the program's algorithm prioritizes notes that receive ratings from a "diverse range of perspectives".[25] Programmer Vitalik Buterin has described the open-source algorithm as "insanely complicated".[25][28] For a note to be published, a contributor must first propose a note under a tweet.[18] The program assigns different values to contributors' ratings, categorising users with similar rating histories as a form of "opinion classification", determined by a vague alignment with the left and right-wing political spectrum. The machine-learning algorithm requires ratings from both sides of the spectrum in order to publish notes, that can have the intended effect of decreasing interaction with such content.[28][29]

Contributors are volunteers with access to an interface from which they have the ability to monitor tweets and replies that may be misleading.[18][6][30] Notes in need of ratings by contributors are located under a "Needs your help" section of the interface. Other contributors then give their opinion on the usefulness of the note, identifying notes as "Helpful" or "Not Helpful".[18][31] The contributor gets points if their note is validated,[32][18] known as "Rating Impact", that reflects how helpful a contributors' ratings have been.[31][33][34] X users are able to vote on whether they find notes helpful or not,[35] but must apply to become contributors in order to write notes, the latter being restricted by "Rating Impact" as well as the Community Notes guidelines.[31][33]

Application

 
Elon Musk receives a Community Note, November 12, 2022.

Since 2023, Community Notes are often attached to shared articles missing context, misleading advertisements or political tweets with false arguments,[17] from content receiving widespread attention.[36]

Notes have appeared on posts by government accounts and various politicians: the White House,[37][36] the Federal Bureau of Investigation,[38] and U.S. President Joe Biden;[39] UK Prime Ministers Rishi Sunak[40] and Liz Truss;[41] former U.S. speakers of the House[42] and presidential candidates Ron DeSantis and Vivek Ramaswamy;[43] U.S. representatives,[44] senators,[45][46] and Australian ministers;[47] as well as X owner Elon Musk multiple times,[37][45][3][48] that in February 2024 led to Musk arguing with the program.[49]

The feature does not directly mention fact-checking but instead indicates that "readers added context".[32] They can also note when an image is digitally altered or AI-generated.[17][50] X allows contributors to add Community Notes to adverts, which the Financial Times noted was good for consumers but not for advertisers.[32] This resulted in brands such as Apple, Samsung, Uber and Evony receiving notes on their adverts and being accused of false or misleading posts, advertisers deleting certain posts that received notes, as well as modifying content for future advertisements.[22]

A source is attached to the note so the information can be verified, in a similar manner to Wikipedia,[18][17] and notes reportedly received tens of millions of views per day.[7] Elon Musk, the owner of X, considers the program as a "gamechanger for combating wrong information"[35] and having "incredible potential for improving information accuracy".[7] In December 2023, after receiving a note on one of his posts, Musk thanked contributors for "jumping in the honey pot" after stating that the system had been "gamed by state actors", with the intent of detecting so-called bad actors.[3]

In July 2024, as part of a pilot program, X announced the ability for eligible users to request Community Notes for certain posts, that would be directed to "Top Writers" of the software. The threshold of five requests within 24 hours would determine a note being published.[51]

Analysis

Former head of Twitter's Trust and Safety, Yoel Roth, has since expressed concern over the effectiveness of the system in the early stages of the program, stating that Birdwatch was never supposed to replace the curation team, but instead intended to complement it. Another former employee said it was "an imperfect replacement for Trust and Safety staff". In April 2022, a study presented by MIT researchers subsequently found users overwhelming prioritised political content, even though 80% were correctly considered misleading.[7]

Wired noted that in the backend of the database most notes remain unpublished, and that numerous contributors engage in "conspiracy-fueled" discussions.[7] According to Musk, anyone trying to "weaponize Community Notes to demonetize people will be immediately obvious", due to the open-source nature of the code and data.[24]

Regarding the situation in Israel and Gaza, with the difficulty of identifying accurate information and the number of unknown factors, MIT professor David Rand said "what I expect the crowd to produce is a lot of noise", regarding the crowd-sourced system. A contributor otherwise described that the system is "not really scalable for the amount of media that's being consumed or posted in any given day", while X states that the program is having a "significant impact on tackling disinformation on the platform".[7]

Studies

Lihat pula: Twitter under Elon Musk § Handling of misinformation and disinformation

In October 2023, Community Notes experienced multi-day delays in publishing notes on misinformation in the 2023 Israel-Hamas war or failed to do so. One study by NBC News found that in the case of a fake White House press release claiming the destruction of the St. Porphyrius Orthodox Church – a week before the destruction – only 8% of posts had notes published, 26% had unpublished notes, while the majority had no proposed notes.[52] Analysis from NewsGuard of 250 of the most-engaged posts, spreading the most common unsubstantiated claims about the Israel-Hamas war and viewed more than 100 million times, failed to receive notes 68% of the time. The report found Community Notes were "inconsistently applied to top myths relating to the conflict."[53] The fact-checking website Snopes discovered three posts from verified users, who had shared a video of a hospitalized man from Gaza with false captions claiming it showed "crisis actors", had failed to receive any Community Notes after 24 hours.[54] Bellingcat found the program spread false information, in reference to Taylor Swift's bodyguard due to misinformation.[27] Wired has documented that Community Notes is susceptible to disinformation, after a graphic Hamas video shared by Donald Trump Jr. was falsely flagged as being a year old, but was instead found to be part of the recent conflict.[55] The original note was later replaced with another citing the report from Wired.[7]

In November 2023, the Atlantic Council conducted an interactive study of Community Notes highlighting how the system operated slowly and inconsistently regarding Israel and Gaza misinformation. In one example, an image originally received a Community Note but continued to spread regardless receiving over 3 million views after a week. Hundreds of viral posts from the notes public database were analyzed and according to researchers fast-moving breaking news wasn't labeled. Across 400 posts of misinformation, a note took on average 7 hours to appear, while others took 70 hours. The analysis however did show that over 50% of the posts received a note within 8 hours, with only a few taking longer than 2 days. The study included 100 tweets from 83 users who had signed up to X Premium in the past 4 months, along with 42 tweets from 25 accounts that were reinstated by Elon Musk, including Laura Loomer. The study also included Jackson Hinkle, who appeared multiple times.[56]

Another NewsGuard report found advertising appearing on 15 posts with Community Notes attached in the week of November 13, 2023, indicating that "misinformation super-spreaders" may still be eligible for ad revenue, despite posts with notes attached being ineligible according to Musk.[57] On November 30, a Mashable investigation found most users never see published notes, with examples of notes seen by less than 1% to 5% of users who viewed misinformation content, and overall, a disproportionate number of views on posts compared to the attached notes.[1]

In May 2024, John W. Ayers, a behavioural scientist from the University of California, San Diego, published a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association based on fact-checking of COVID-19 vaccines. In the sample of 205 Community Notes, according to Ayers and other researches, the information was accurate in 96% of notes, and 87% of sources were of high quality. The lead author, according to Bloomberg UK, stated that only a small percentage of misinformation received a note, while published notes were among the most viral content.[2]

In July 2024, after the attempted assassination of Donald Trump, the Center for Countering Digital Hate published a report that of the 100 most popular conspiratorial posts on X about the shooting, only five Community Notes were published to counter the false claim.[58]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Inconsistencies and delays in publishing notes related to the 2023 Israel-Hamas war:

References

  1. ^ a b Binder, Matt (2023-11-30). "Most users on X never see Community Notes correcting misinformation". Mashable (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 2, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-12-02. 
  2. ^ a b Flam, F.D. (May 22, 2024). "Elon Musk's Community Notes Feature on X Is Working". Bloomberg UK. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 7, 2024. Diakses tanggal 2024-06-07. 
  3. ^ a b c "Elon Musk fact-checked on X by his own system - but claims it has been 'gamed by state actors'". Sky News (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 11, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-12-11. 
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  19. ^ Sato, Mia (2023-05-30). "Twitter is adding crowdsourced fact checks to images". The Verge (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 19, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-11-19. 
  20. ^ Khalid, Amrita (2023-09-06). "X's Community Notes feature will now include videos". The Verge (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 20, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-11-19. 
  21. ^ Taylor, Josh (2023-09-27). "X/Twitter scraps feature letting users report misleading information". The Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0261-3077. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 27, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-11-17. 
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  27. ^ a b Bellingcat Investigation Team (2023-10-20). "X's Community Notes is Spreading False Information About Taylor Swift's Bodyguard". bellingcat (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 29, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-11-17. 
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  38. ^ McHardy, Martha (2024-01-16). "FBI hit with community note after tweeting praise of Martin Luther King Jr". The Independent (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 20, 2024. Diakses tanggal 2024-01-22. 
  39. ^
  40. ^
  41. ^ Nicholson, Kate (2024-02-26). "Liz Truss Publicly Corrected By X Users After Disgruntled Attempt To Defend Herself". HuffPost UK (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 28, 2024. Diakses tanggal 2024-02-28. 
  42. ^
  43. ^ Stokel-Walker, Chris (June 13, 2023). "Twitter's Community Notes is the fiercest 2024 primary battleground". The Daily Dot. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 13, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2024-01-22. 
  44. ^
  45. ^ a b Pahwa, Nitish (2023-07-10). "What I Saw in Elon Musk's Truth Army". Slate (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 1091-2339. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 5, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-12-05. 
  46. ^
  47. ^
  48. ^ Writer, Nick Mordowanec Staff (2023-12-15). "Microsoft Word's warning about using non-inclusive language goes viral". Newsweek (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 15, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-12-15. 
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  50. ^ Mehta, Ivan (2023-05-31). "Twitter launches Community Notes for images". TechCrunch (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 5, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-12-05. 
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  54. ^ Liles, Jordan (2023-11-13). "'Verified' Users on X Falsely Claim Video of Hospitalized Palestinian Man and Mother Is 'Fake'". Snopes (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 28, 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-11-17. 
  55. ^ Gilbert, David. "A Graphic Hamas Video Donald Trump Jr. Shared on X Is Actually Real, Research Confirms". Wired. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 12, 2023. Diakses tanggal October 12, 2023. 
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