Balbinus
Balbinus | |||||
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![]() Bust of Balbinus | |||||
Joint 30th Emperor of the Roman Empire | |||||
Berkuasa | 22 April – 29 July 238 (with Pupienus, and in opposition to Maximinus Thrax) | ||||
Pendahulu | Gordian I and II | ||||
Penerus | Gordian III | ||||
Kematian | 29 July 238 (aged 73) Rome | ||||
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BalbinusSest.jpg/210px-BalbinusSest.jpg)
Balbinus (bahasa Latin: Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus Pius Augustus;[1][2] c. 165 – 29 July 238), adalah Kaisar Romawi bersama Pupienus yang berkuasa selama tiga bulan di tahun 238 M, Tahun yang dikenal sebagai Tahun Enam Kaisar Roma.
Asal dan Karier
Tidak banyak yang diketahui tentang Balbinus sebelum ia berkuasa sebagai kaisar. It has been conjectured that he descended from Publius Coelius Balbinus Vibullius Pius, the consul ordinarius of 136 or 137, and wife Aquilia. Jika hal ini benar, Balbinus masih berkeluarga dengan Q. Pompeius Falco, dimana keluarganya banyak menjadi politisi atau konsulat selama abad ke-3 Masehi, dan pada abad pertama Masehi menjadi politisi, insinyur dan pengarang buku Julius Frontinus, dan juga penerus dari sepupu pertamanya, Trajan.[butuh rujukan] Dia lahir sekitar tahun 178.[2] Dia adalah seorang bangsawan dari lahir, dan merupakan putra (entah karena lahir atau adopsi) dari ... Caelius Calvinus, yang merupakan delegasi dari Cappadocia di tahun 184. Dia juga salah satu dari imam Salii Dewa Mars.[3] Berdasarkan data Herodian Ia menjadi gubernur di banyak provinsi Romawi, but the list of seven provinces given in the Historia Augusta, as well as the statement that Balbinus had been both Proconsul of Asia and of Africa, are likely to be mere invention.[butuh rujukan] He had certainly been twice consul; his first consulate is not certainly known but is believed to have been about 203 or in July 211; he was consul for the second time in 213 as colleague of Caracalla, which suggests he enjoyed that emperor's favour.
Reign
Berdasarkan Edward Gibbon (drawing upon the narratives of Herodian and the Historia Augusta):
Balbinus was an admired orator, a poet of distinguished fame, and a wise magistrate, who had exercised with innocence and applause the civil jurisdiction in almost all the interior provinces of the empire. His birth was noble, his fortune affluent, his manners liberal and affable. In him, the love of pleasure was corrected by a sense of dignity, nor had the habits of ease deprived him of a capacity for business. (...) The two colleagues [Pupienus and Balbinus] had both been consul (Balbinus had twice enjoyed that honourable office), both had been named among the twenty lieutenants of the senate; and, since the one was sixty and the other seventy-four years old, they had both attained the full maturity of age and experience.[4]
Ketika Gordians diangkat menjadi Kaisar di Afrika, Senat Romawi membentuk sebuah komite yang terdiri dari 20 orang, termasuk Balbinus, untuk berkoordinasi melawan Maximinus Thrax.[butuh rujukan] Setelah mendengar berita tentang kekalahan Gordians, Senat memilih Pupienus dan Balbinus sebagai wakil kaisar pada tanggal 22 April 238,[2] though they were soon forced to co-opt the child Gordian III as a colleague. Unlike the situation in 161, both emperors were elected as pontifices maximi, chief priests of the official cults. This would be unthinkable in Republican times. Balbinus was probably in his early seventies: his qualifications for rule are unknown, except presumably that he was a senior senator, rich and well-connected. While Pupienus marched to Ravenna, where he oversaw the campaign against Maximinus, Balbinus remained in Rome, but failed to keep public order. The sources suggest that after Pupienus's victorious return following Maximinus' death, Balbinus suspected Pupienus of wanting to supplant him, and they were soon living in different parts of the Imperial palace,[butuh rujukan] where they were later assassinated by disaffected elements of the Praetorian Guard, with Balbinus' death occurring on 29 July 238.[2]
Sarcophagus
The 'sarcophagus of Balbinus' has earned this Emperor a niche in the history of Roman Imperial art. Presumably while holding the title of Emperor, Balbinus had a marble sarcophagus made for himself and his wife (whose name is unknown). Discovered in fragments near the Via Appia and restored, this is the only example of a Roman Imperial sarcophagus of this type to have survived. On the lid are reclining figures of Balbinus and his wife, the figure of the Emperor also being a fine portrait of him. The sarcophagus is held in collection at the Museo di Pretastato (at the catacombs of Praetextatus) in the Park of the Caffarella near the Appian Way at Rome.
Although in accounts of their joint reign Balbinus is emphasized as the civilian as against Pupienus the military man, on the side of the sarcophagus he is portrayed in full military dress.
References
- ^ In Classical Latin, Balbinus' name would be inscribed as DECIMVS CAELIVS BALBINVS PIVS AVGVSTVS.
- ^ a b c d Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (1994). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 26.
- ^ "Michael Grant, The Roman Emporers"
- ^ The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. I, p. 225, Edward Gibbon (The Online Library of Liberty). [1].
External links
Media tentang Balbinus di Wikimedia Commons
- good portrait bust
- portrait head from the sarcophagus as an example of Roman 'pathetic' style
- Livius.org: Balbinus
Gelar kebangsawanan | ||
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Didahului oleh: Gordian I and Gordian II |
Roman Emperor 238 Menjabat bersama dengan: Pupienus |
Diteruskan oleh: Gordian III |
Jabatan politik | ||
Didahului oleh: Pompeianus , Gaius Julius Camilius Asper |
Consul of the Roman Empire 213 bersama dengan Caracalla |
Diteruskan oleh: Lucius Valerius Messalla Apollinaris, Gaius Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus |