Mithras

Mithras adalah agama misteri dipraktekkan di Kekaisaran Romawi dari sekitar 1 sampai 4 abad SM. Nama Persia dewa Mithra (proto-Indo-Iran Mitra), diadaptasi ke dalam bahasa Yunani sebagai Mithras, dikaitkan dengan citra baru dan khas. Penulis periode Kekaisaran Romawi disebut agama misteri ini dengan frase yang dapat di artikan kedalam bahasa inggris sebagai Misteri Mithras atau Misteri Persia;^[1]^[2] sejarawan modern menyebutnya sebagai Mithraisme,^[1] atau kadang-kadang Romawi Mithraisme.^[3]^[4] Misteri tersebut populer di militer Romawi.^[5]

Double-faced Mithraic relief. Rome, second to third century AD. Louvre Museum

Penyembah Mithras memiliki sistem yang kompleks dari tujuh nilai inisiasi, dengan makanan ritual. Inisiat menyebut diri mereka syndexioi, mereka yang "bersatu dengan jabat tangan". [6] Mereka bertemu di kuil bawah tanah (disebut mithraea), yang bertahan dalam jumlah besar. Kultus tampaknya memiliki pusatnya di Roma.^[6]

Banyak temuan arkeologi, termasuk tempat-tempat pertemuan, monumen dan artefak, telah memberikan kontribusi untuk pengetahuan modern sekitar Mithraisme di seluruh Kekaisaran Romawi.^[7] Adegan ikon Mithras menunjukkan dia dilahirkan dari batu, menyembelih banteng, dan berbagi perjamuan dengan Dewa Sol (Matahari). Sekitar 420 situs telah menghasilkan materi yang berhubungan dengan kultus. Di antara item yang ditemukan sekitar 1000 prasasti, 700 contoh banteng-membunuh scene (tauroctony), dan sekitar 400 monumen lainnya. [9] Diperkirakan bahwa akan ada setidaknya 680-690 mithraea di Roma.^[8] Tidak ada narasi tertulis atau teologi dari agama bertahan hidup, dengan informasi yang terbatas akan berasal dari prasasti, dan hanya singkat atau lewat referensi dalam literatur Yunani dan Latin. Interpretasi dari bukti fisik tetap bermasalah dan diperebutkan.^[9]

Bangsa Romawi sendiri dianggap misteri sebagai pemilik sumber Persia atau Zoroaster. Sejak awal 1970-an, dissimilarities Namun, beasiswa dominan telah mencatat antara Persia Mithra-ibadah dan misteri Romawi Mithraic, dan misteri Mithras sekarang umumnya dipandang sebagai produk yang berbeda dari dunia keagamaan Imperial Roman.^[4] Dalam konteks ini , Mithraisme kadang-kadang dipandang sebagai saingan dari Kekristenan awal,^[10] dengan persamaan nya seperti pembebas-penyelamat, hirarki pakar (uskup agung, uskup, imam), makan bersama dan perjuangan keras dari Baik dan Jahat (bull-pembunuhan / crucifixtion).

Lihat pula

Natal

Referensi

^ ^a ^b Beck, Roger (2002-07-20). "Mithraism". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Diakses tanggal 2011-03-24. The term “Mithraism” is of course a modern coinage. In antiquity the cult was known as “the mysteries of Mithras”; alternatively, as “the mysteries of the Persians.”…The Mithraists, who were manifestly not Persians in any ethnic sense, thought of themselves as cultic “Persians.” ... the ancient Roman Mithraists themselves were convinced that their cult was founded by none other than Zoroaster, who “dedicated to Mithras, the creator and father of all, a cave in the mountains bordering Persia,” an idyllic setting “abounding in flowers and springs of water” (Porphyry, On the Cave of the Nymphs 6).
^ Origen, Contra Celsus, Book 6, Chapter 22. "After this, Celsus, desiring to exhibit his learning in his treatise against us, quotes also certain Persian mysteries, where he says: 'These things are obscurely hinted at in the accounts of the Persians, and especially in the mysteries of Mithras, which are celebrated among them ...' " Chapter 24 "After the instance borrowed from the Mithraic mysteries, Celsus declares that he who would investigate the Christian mysteries, along with the aforesaid Persian, will, on comparing the two together, and on unveiling the rites of the Christians, see in this way the difference between them."
^ "Electronic Journal of Mithraic Studies". Electronic Journal of Mithraic Studies. Diakses tanggal 2011-03-28. The Electronic Journal of Mithraic Studies (EJMS) is a revival of the Journal of Mithraic Studies edited by Dr. Richard Gordon. It is a place where researchers on Roman Mithraism can publish the product of their research and make it freely available for other interested people.
^ ^a ^b Beck, Roger (2002-07-20). "Mithraism". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition,. Diakses tanggal 2011-03-28. For most of the twentieth century the major problem addressed by scholarship on both Roman Mithraism and the Iranian god Mithra was the question of continuity.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama geden 1
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama hopfe-5
^ Beck, Roger (17 February 2011). "The Pagan Shadow of Christ?". BBC-History. Diakses tanggal 4 June 2011. We know a good deal about them because archaeology has disinterred many meeting places together with numerous artifacts and representations of the cult myth, mostly in the form of relief sculpture.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama HaaseTemporini1984
^ Ulansey, David (1991). Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries. New York: Oxford UP. hlm. 3. ISBN 0-19-506788-6. However, in the absence of any ancient explanations of its meaning, Mithraic iconography has proven to be exceptionally difficult to decipher.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama RichardsonHopfe1994

[beck-1] Beck, Roger (2002-07-20). "Mithraism". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Diakses tanggal 2011-03-24. The term “Mithraism” is of course a modern coinage. In antiquity the cult was known as “the mysteries of Mithras”; alternatively, as “the mysteries of the Persians.”…The Mithraists, who were manifestly not Persians in any ethnic sense, thought of themselves as cultic “Persians.” ... the ancient Roman Mithraists themselves were convinced that their cult was founded by none other than Zoroaster, who “dedicated to Mithras, the creator and father of all, a cave in the mountains bordering Persia,” an idyllic setting “abounding in flowers and springs of water” (Porphyry, On the Cave of the Nymphs 6).

[2] Origen, Contra Celsus, Book 6, Chapter 22. "After this, Celsus, desiring to exhibit his learning in his treatise against us, quotes also certain Persian mysteries, where he says: 'These things are obscurely hinted at in the accounts of the Persians, and especially in the mysteries of Mithras, which are celebrated among them ...' " Chapter 24 "After the instance borrowed from the Mithraic mysteries, Celsus declares that he who would investigate the Christian mysteries, along with the aforesaid Persian, will, on comparing the two together, and on unveiling the rites of the Christians, see in this way the difference between them."

[3] "Electronic Journal of Mithraic Studies". Electronic Journal of Mithraic Studies. Diakses tanggal 2011-03-28. The Electronic Journal of Mithraic Studies (EJMS) is a revival of the Journal of Mithraic Studies edited by Dr. Richard Gordon. It is a place where researchers on Roman Mithraism can publish the product of their research and make it freely available for other interested people.

[beck1-4] Beck, Roger (2002-07-20). "Mithraism". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition,. Diakses tanggal 2011-03-28. For most of the twentieth century the major problem addressed by scholarship on both Roman Mithraism and the Iranian god Mithra was the question of continuity.

[geden_1-5] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama geden 1

[hopfe-5-6] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama hopfe-5

[7] Beck, Roger (17 February 2011). "The Pagan Shadow of Christ?". BBC-History. Diakses tanggal 4 June 2011. We know a good deal about them because archaeology has disinterred many meeting places together with numerous artifacts and representations of the cult myth, mostly in the form of relief sculpture.

[HaaseTemporini1984-8] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama HaaseTemporini1984

[9] Ulansey, David (1991). Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries. New York: Oxford UP. hlm. 3. ISBN 0-19-506788-6. However, in the absence of any ancient explanations of its meaning, Mithraic iconography has proven to be exceptionally difficult to decipher.

[RichardsonHopfe1994-10] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama RichardsonHopfe1994

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]