Wikipedia

Tiger I

Tank berat Jerman
Revisi sejak 17 Oktober 2015 22.43 oleh Einarsumbayak54 (bicara | kontrib)


Templat:WWII tanks

Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. E

Tiger I di Pertempuran Kursk
Jenis Tank Kelas Berat
Negara asal Nazi Germany
Sejarah pemakaian
Masa penggunaan 1942–45
Pada perang Perang Dunia II
Sejarah produksi
Perancang Erwin Aders
Henschel & Son
Tahun 1941
Produsen Henschel
Biaya produksi 250,800 Reichsmark
Diproduksi 1942–44
Jumlah produksi 1,347
Spesifikasi (RfRuK VK 4501H Ausf.E, Blatt: G-330)
Berat 54 ton
Panjang 8.45 dengan senjata depan
Lebar 3.56m
Tinggi 3.0m
Awak 5
Perisai 25–120 mm (0,98–4,72 in)[1][2]
Senjata
utama 		1× 8.8 cm KwK 36 L/56
92 rounds
Senjata
pelengkap 		2× 7.92 mm MG 34
4,500 rounds
Jenis Mesin Maybach HL230 P45 V-12
700 PS (690 hp, 515 kW)
Daya kuda/ton 13 PS/t (9,6 kW/t)
Suspensi torsion bar
Kelonggaran tanah 047 m (154 ft 2 in)
Kapasitas tangki 540 L (140 US gal) including reserve
Daya jelajah 110–195 km (68–121 mi)
Kecepatan 454 km/h (282 mph)

Tiger I nama Tank Kelas Berat terkenal buatan Jerman yang telah dipakai pada tahun 1942 dan digunakan diberbagai di pertempuran di PDII. Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger Ausf. E, disingkat Tiger. Tank Tiger I satu-satunya tank milik Angkatan Bersenjata Nazi Jerman yang memiliki senjata utama kelas berat dan satu-satu nya yang dapat menakut-nakuti Tank-Tank Soviet di Front Timur. Meski penugasan pertama nya berada di Tunisia Afrika Utara Dibawah naungan Deutsche Afrika Korps namun Tiger I lebih sering terlihat di Timur dan Barat dibanding Afrika Utara pada waktu itu hingga berakhirnya Pertempuran di Berlin pada 8 Mei 1945.

Tank Tiger I ini sudah dicap dengan "tank berdesain luar biasa",[3] namun karena proses produksi yang tergesa-gesa dengan metode penekanan buruh dan dengan bahan bijih besi yang sulit untuk di dapatkan hanya ada sekitar 1,347 yang berhasil dibuat antara Agustus 1942 dan Agustus 1944. Tank Tiger sangat rentan terhadap kerusakan roda karena membeku saat musim dingin rusia yang sangat ganas terkenal saat Invasi Napoleon ke Russia. Produksi tank ini kemudian di hentikan guna menghemat bahan baku dan membuat verrsi ke-2 yang lebih "kompeten" untuk berjuang membela negara di timur. Namanya adalah Tank Tiger II.

Satu-satu nya Tiger I yang masih ada dan bisa dipergunakan berada di salah satu museum di salah satu kota di Britania Raya. Tiger I yang di inggris ini disebut dengan nama julukan Tiger 131.

Sejarah

Pendesainan

Henschel & Sohn memulai pengembangan desain tank besar di awal Januari tahun 1937 saat Departemen Persenjataan Angkatan Darat meminta Henschel mengembangkan kendaraan tipe Durchbruchwagen ("Kendaraan Pemecah Pasukan") dengan berat rata-rata 30-33 ton .[4] Hanya satu prototipe badan yang pernah di buat sedangkan turretnya tak pernah di pasangkan. Prototipe Tank Durchbruchwagen I bentuk badan dan suspensi nya mirip serupa dengan tank Panzer III sementara turret-nya sama dengan tank Panzer IV C dengan senjata utama L/24.

Sebelum prototipe Durchbruchwagen I selesai dibuat, ada isu mengatakan bahwa Departemen Peralatan Angkatan Darat akan memesan pembuatan tank dengan berat awal 30 ton. Tank ini merupakan pengembangan Durchbruchwagen I namun dengan tambahan lebih: armor yang tebal pada Prototipe, yang mana tank Durchbruchwagen II ini, akan mampu memiliki 50mm lapis baja di depan dan kalau di total berat keseluruhan menjadi 36 ton. Hanya satu badan yang dibuat sama saja seperti Durchbruchwagen I dan tak pernah di buat turret nya. Pengembangan tank ini dimulai tahun 1938 bentuk nya dan suspensi Durchwagen II ini serupa dengan Tank Panzer IV . untuk membuat desain yang Lebih Baik dan Lebih Besar maka dibuat cetak biru baru bernama VK 30.01 (H) dan VK 36.01 (H). Baik Durchbruchwagen I & II akan memiliki status "Kendaraan Uji Coba" sampai pada akhir 1941

Tank VK 30.01 (H) tank kelas medium dan Tank VK 36.01 (H) Tank Kelas Berat, Berdasarkan dari Kedua prototipe tank wehrmacht Durchbruchwagen I & II VK 30.01 akan difungsikan menjadi Tank Pembantu Infanteri sedangkan VK 36.01 akan dibuat menjadi tank kelas berat yang nantinya akan mnejadi cikal bakal tiger.

 
Tiger I, Prototipe milik Porsche

Pada 26 Mei 1941, Henschel dan Ferdinand Porsche di beri permintaan untuk mendesain ulang proyek tank kelas berat dengan 45 ton berat awal, tanpa pikir panjang Porsche meneruskan pekerjaannya di VK 30.01 (P) tank Leopard sedangkan Henschel melanjukan juga di prototipe VK 36.01 (H). Henschel juga membuat dua prototipe lagi : a VK 45.01 (H) H1 dengan 88 mm senjata utama, dan prototipe selanjutnya adalah VK 45.01 (H) H2 dengan 75 mm senjata utama.

Saat Jerman melakukan Perjalanan ke Timur pada 22 Juni 1941, Jerman terkejud dengan tank baru Soviet yaitu T-34 kelas medium dan KV-1 kelas berat yang dapat menandingi tank-tank jerman di timur. Oleh karena itu desain tank ini dibuat agar dapat menandingi KV-1 dan T-34, akhirnya rancangan Ferdinad Porsche yang di terima dan mulai dikirim ke timur pertengahan 1942.

Sejarah Dinas

Aksi Kali Pertama

 
Tank Tiger I di kirim ke Tunisia untuk membantu Deutsche Afrika Korps beroperasi di bulan Januari 1943

Eager to make use of the powerful new weapon, Hitler ordered the vehicle be pressed into service months earlier than planned.[5] A platoon of four Tigers was put into action on 23 September 1942 near Leningrad.[6] Operating in swampy, forested terrain their movement was largely confined to roads and tracks, making defense against them far easier. Many of these early models were plagued by problems with the transmission, which had difficulty handling the heavy weight of the vehicle if pushed too hard. It took time for drivers to learn how to avoid over taxing the engine and transmission, and many broke down. The most significant event from this engagement was that one of the Tigers became stuck in swampy ground and had to be abandoned. Captured largely intact, it allowed the Soviets to study the design and prepare countermeasures.[7]

A battalion of Tigers was deployed to the Don Front in the autumn of 1942, but arrived too late to participate in the attack to relieve Stalingrad, (Operation Winter Storm). It was subsequently engaged in heavy defensive fighting in the Rostov-on-Don and adjacent sectors in January and February 1943.

In the North African theatre, the Tiger first saw action during the Tunisia Campaign on 1 December 1942 east of Tebourba.[8] The first loss to an Allied gun was on 20 January 1943 near Robaa[9] when a battery of the British 72nd Anti-tank Regiment knocked out two Tigers with their 6-pounder (57 mm) anti-tank guns. The failed attack on Béja at the end of February saw seven Tigers lost in the "Panzer Graveyard".[10]

Tactical organization

 
A Tiger I camouflaged in a static defensive position

Tigers were usually employed in separate heavy tank battalions (schwere Panzer-Abteilung) under army command. These battalions would be deployed to critical sectors, either for breakthrough operations or, more typically, counter-attacks. A few favoured divisions, such as the Grossdeutschland, and the 1st SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler, 2nd SS Das Reich, and 3rd SS Totenkopf Panzergrenadier Divisions at Kursk, had a Tiger company in their tank regiments. The Grossdeutschland Division had its Tiger company increased to a battalion as the III Panzer Battalion of the Panzer Regiment Grossdeutschland. 3rd SS Totenkopf retained its Tiger I company through the entire war. 1st SS and 2nd SS had their Tiger companies taken away and incorporated into the 101st SS Tiger Battalion, which was part of 1st SS Panzer Corps.[11]

The Tiger was originally designed to be an offensive breakthrough weapon, but by the time they went into action, the military situation had changed dramatically, and their main use was on the defensive, as mobile anti-tank and infantry gun support weapons.[11] Tactically, this also meant moving the Tiger units constantly to parry breakthroughs, causing excessive mechanical wear. As a result, there are almost no instances where a Tiger battalion went into combat at anything close to full strength.

Some Tiger units exceeded the 10:1 kill ratio, including 13. Kompanie/Panzer-Regiment Großdeutschland (16.67:1), schwere SS-Panzer-Abteilung 103 (12.82:1) and schwere Panzer-Abteilung 502 (13.08:1).[butuh rujukan] Against the Soviet and Western Allied production numbers, even a 10:1 kill ratio was not sufficient. These numbers must be set against the opportunity cost of the expensive Tiger. Every Tiger cost as much to build as four Sturmgeschütz III assault guns.

Notable "aces"

 
Tiger engaging a target at the Battle of Kursk

On 7 July 1943, a single Tiger tank commanded by SS-Oberscharführer Franz Staudegger from the 2nd Platoon, 13th Panzer Company, 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler engaged a group of about 50 T-34s around Psyolknee (the southern sector of the German salient in the Battle of Kursk). Staudegger used all his ammunition and claimed the destruction of 22 Soviet tanks, while the rest retreated. For this, he was awarded the Knight's Cross.[12]

The Tiger is particularly associated with SS-Hauptsturmführer Michael Wittmann of schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 101. He worked his way up, commanding various vehicles and finally a Tiger I. In the Battle of Villers-Bocage, his platoon destroyed over two dozen Allied vehicles, including several tanks. However, in the afternoon, a second attack into the town with Tigers met a British ambush and at least three were knocked out or immobilized by anti-tank guns and PIAT infantry weapons.[13]

Several Tiger tank commanders claimed over 100 vehicle kills each, including Kurt Knispel with 168, Otto Carius with 150+, Johannes Bölter with 139+, and Michael Wittmann with 138.[14]

Pengguna

Yang Selamat

 
Tiger I julukan perancis: Colmar, dimMusée des Blindés, Saumur, Perancis
 
the Di Museum Normandia Perancis
 
Di Museum Lenino-Snegiri, Russia
 
Ada di Museum Tank Kubinka, Russia

Tanks of comparable role, performance and era

Notes

References

Citations

  1. ^ Jentz & Doyle 1993, hlm. 8, 16.
  2. ^ Hart 2007, hlm. 17.
  3. ^ Bishop 2002, hlm. 9.
  4. ^ B T white German Tanks and Armoured Vehicles, 1914-1945 p69-70
  5. ^ Guderian 1952, hlm. 280.
  6. ^ Showalter 2013, hlm. 48.
  7. ^ Glantz 2005, hlm. 201.
  8. ^ Schneider 2000, hlm. 41.
  9. ^ Schneider 2000, hlm. 42.
  10. ^ Schneider 2000, hlm. 43.
  11. ^ a b Wilbeck 2004, hlm. 25, 99.
  12. ^ Agte 2006, hlm. 103–105.
  13. ^ Forty 2004.
  14. ^ Tiger Aces alanhamby.com

Bibliography

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  • Agte, Patrick (2006). Michael Wittmann and the Waffen SS Tiger Commanders of the Leibstandarte in WWII, Vol. 1. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3334-2. 
  • Baryatinsky, Mikhail (2008). The T-34 in Combat. Jauza, Moscow. ISBN 978-5-699-26709-5. 
  • Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). World War II Ballistics - Armor and Gunnery. Albany, N.Y.: Overmatch Press. OCLC 71143143. 
  • Bishop, Chris (2002). "1". The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. London: Metrobooks. ISBN 1-58663-762-2. 
  • Carius, Otto; Edwards, Robert J. (2003). Tigers in the Mud - The Combat Career of German Panzer Commander Otto Carius. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2911-6. 
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  • Glantz, David Colossus Reborn : the Red Army at War : 1941-1943. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press 2005. ISBN
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Templat:WWIIGermanAFVs

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