Daftar Gubernur Puerto Riko
Daftar Gubernur Puerto Riko (bahasa Spanyol: Gobernador de Puerto Rico) mencakup semua orang yang pernah memegang jabatan tersebut, baik di bawah kekuasaan Spanyol ataupun Amerika Serikat. Jabatan ini pertama kali dibuat oleh bangsa Spanyol pada abad ke-16 setelah pulau ini dijajah oleh Spanyol. Orang pertama yang menduduki jabatan ini adalah conquistador Spanyol Juan Ponce de León pada tahun 1509.
Daftar gubernur Puerto Riko
Di bawah Mahkota Spanyol
Gambar | Nama | Naik jabatan | Turun jabatan | Referensi |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kapten Jenderal Don Juan Ponce de León |
1509 | 1512 | [1] | |
Juan Cerón | 1511 | 1513 | [2] | |
Rodrigo Moscoso | 1513 | 1514 | [3] | |
Kapten Jenderal Cristóbal de Mendoza | 1514 | 1515 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Don Juan Ponce de León |
1515 | 1519 | [3] | |
Sánchez Velázquez | 1519 | 1519 | [4] | |
Antonio de la Gama | 1519 | 1521 | [4] | |
Pedro Moreno | 1521 | 1523 | [4] | |
Uskup Alonso Manso | 1523 | 1524 | [4] | |
Pedro Moreno | 1524 | 1529 | [4] | |
Antonio de la Gama | 1529 | 1530 | [4] | |
Letnan Jenderal Francisco Manuel de Landó | 1530 | 1536 | [4] | |
Vasco de Tiedra | 1536 | 1537 | [4] | |
Vasco de Tiedra | 1537 | 1544 | [4] | |
Jerónimo Lebrón de Quiñones | 1544 | 1544 | [4] | |
Lcdo. Iñigo López Cervantes y Loayza | 1544 | 1546 | [4] | |
Lcdo. Diego de Caraza | 1546 | 1548 | [4] | |
Diego de Caraza | 1548 | 1550 | [4] | |
Luis de Vallejo | 1550 | 1555 | [4] | |
Lcdo. Alonso Esteves | 1555 | 1555 | [4] | |
Lcdo. Diego de Caraza | 1555 | 1561 | [4] | |
Antonio de la Llama Vallejo | 1561 | 1564 | [4] | |
1564 | 1568 | [4] | ||
Francisco de Solís Osorio | 1568 | 1574 | [4] | |
Francisco de Obando y Mexia | 1575 | 1579 | [4] | |
Juan Ponce de León II | 1579 | 1579 | [5] | |
Jerónimo de Agüero Campuzano | 1580 | 1580 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Juan de Céspedes | 1580 | 1581 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Juan López Melgarejo | 1581 | 1582 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Gen Diego Menéndez de Valdés | 1582 | 1593 | [4] | |
Kolonel Pedro Suárez | 1593 | 1597 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Antonio de Mosquero | 1597 | 1598 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Alonso de Mercado | 1599 | 1602 | [4] | |
Captain General Sancho Ochoa de Castro | 1602 | 1608 | [4] | |
Gabriel de Rojas Párano | 1608 | 1614 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Felipe de Beaumont y Navarra | 1614 | 1620 | [4] | |
Juan de Vargas | 1620 | 1625 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Juan de Haro y Sanvítores | 1625 | 1630 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Enrique Enriquez de Sotomayor | 1631 | 1635 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Iñigo de la Mota Sarmiento | 1635 | 1641 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Agustín de Silva y Figueroa | 1641 | 1641 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Juan de Bolaños | 1642 | 1643 | [4] | |
Fernando de la Riva Agüero y Setien | 1643 | 1648 | [4] | |
Diego de Aguilera y Gamboa | 1649 | 1655 | [4] | |
José Novoa y Moscoso Pérez y Buitron | 1655 | 1660 | [4] | |
Kapten Jenderal Juan Pérez de Guzmán y Chagoyen | 1660 | 1664 | [4] | |
Jerónimo de Velasco | 1664 | 1670 | [4] | |
Gaspar de Arteaga y Aunoavidao | 1670 | 1674 | [6] | |
Diego Roblandillo | 1674 | 1674 | [6] | |
Kapten Jenderal Baltazar Figueroa y Castilla | 1674 | 1674 | [6] | |
Alonso de Campos y Espinosa | 1675 | 1678 | [6] | |
Juan de Robles Lorenzana | 1678 | 1683 | [6] | |
Kapten Jenderal Gaspar Martínez de Andino | 1683 | 1685 | [6] | |
Juan Francisco Medina | 1685 | 1690 | [6] | |
Gaspar de Arredondo y Valle | 1690 | 1695 | [6] | |
Juan Francisco Medina | 1695 | 1697 | [6] | |
Tomás Franco | 1697 | 1698 | [6] | |
Antonio de Robles Silva | 1698 | 1699 | [6] | |
Gabriel Suárez de Ribera | 1700 | 1703 | [6] | |
Diego Jiménez de Villarán | 1703 | 1703 | [6] | |
Francisco Sánchez Calderón | 1703 | 1703 | [6] | |
Pedro Arroyo y Guerrero | 1704 | 1705 | [6] | |
Juan Francisco López de Morla | 1706 | 1706 | [6] | |
Francisco Danío Granados | 1706 | 1708 | [6] | |
Kolonel Juan de Ribera | 1709 | 1715 | [6] | |
José Francisco Carreño | 1716 | 1716 | [6] | |
Alfonso Bortodano | 1716 | 1720 | [6] | |
Francisco Danio Granados | 1720 | 1724 | [6] | |
Kapten Jenderal José Antonio de Mendizabal y Azcue | 1724 | 1730 | [6] | |
Letnan Kolonel Matías de Abadía | 1731 | 1743 | [6] | |
Domingo Pérez de Mandares | 1743 | 1744 | [6] | |
Kolonel Juan José Colomo | 1744 | 1750 | [6] | |
Kolonel Agustín de Parejas | 1750 | 1751 | [6] | |
Letnan Kolonel Esteban Bravo de Rivero | 1751 | 1753 | [6] | |
Kapten Jenderal Felipe Ramírez de Estenos | 1753 | 1757 | [6] | |
Esteban Bravo de Rivero | 1757 | 1759 | [6] | |
Mateo de Guaso Calderón | 1759 | 1760 | [6] | |
Esteban Bravo de Rivero | 1760 | 1761 | [6] | |
Letnan Kolonel Ambrosio de Benavides | 1761 | 1766 | [6] | |
Kolonel Marcos de Vergara | 1766 | 1766 | [6] | |
Letnan Kolonel José Trentor | 1766 | 1770 | [6] | |
Kolonel Miguel de Muesas | 1769 | 1776 | [6][7] | |
Kolonel José Dufresne | 1776 | 1783 | [6] | |
Marsekal Lapangan Don Juan Andrés Daban y Busterino | 1783 | 1789 | [6] | |
Koronel Francisco Torralbo y Robles | 1789 | 1789 | [6] | |
Brigadir Jenderal Miguel Antonio de Ustariz | 1789 | 1792 | [3] | |
Koronel Francisco Torralbo y Robles | 1792 | 1794 | [6] | |
Brigadir Jenderal Enrique Grimarest | 1794 | 1795 | [3] | |
Marsekal Lapangan Don Ramón de Castro y Gutiérrez | 1795 | 1804 | [6] | |
Toribio Montes | 1804 | 1809 | [6] | |
Salvador Meléndez Bruna | 1809 | 1820 | [6] | |
Brigadir Jenderal Juan Vasco y Pascual | 24 Maret 1820 | 7 Agustus 1820 | [6] | |
Brigadir Jenderal Gonzalo Arostegui y Herrera | 7 Agustus 1820 | 12 Februari 1822 | [6] | |
Koronel José de Navarro | 12 Februari 1822 | 30 Mei 1822 | [6] | |
Francisco González de Linares | 30 Mei 1822 | 4 Desember 1823 | [6] | |
Letnan Jenderal Miguel Luciano de La Torre y Pando | 4 Desember 1823 | 1837 | [6] | |
Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto | 1837 | 1838 | [6] | |
Marsekal Lapangan Miguel López de Baños | 1838 | 1841 | [6] | |
Letnan Jenderal Santiago Méndez de Vigo | 1841 | 1844 | [6] | |
Letnan Jenderal Rafael de Aristegui y Vélez | 1844 | 1847 | [6] | |
Marsekal Lapangan Don Juan Prim de Prats y Gonzalez | 1847 | 1848 | [8] | |
Letnan Jenderal Juan de la Pezuela y Cevallos | 1848 | 1851 | [3] | |
Enrique de España y Taberner | 1851 | 1852 | [3] | |
Letnan Jenderal Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero | 1852 | 1855 | [3] | |
Letnan Jenderal Andrés García Gamba | 1855 | 1855 | [3] | |
Letnan Jenderal José Lemery Ibrarrola Ney y Gonzalez | 1855 | 1857 | [3] | |
Letnan Jenderal Fernando Cotoner y Chacon | 1857 | 1860 | [3] | |
Sabino Gamir Maladen | 1860 | 1860 | [3] | |
Letnan Jenderal Rafael Echague y Bermingham | 1860 | 1862 | [3] | |
Brigadir Jenderal Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez | 1862 | 1863 | [3] | |
Letnan Jenderal Féliz María de Messina Iglesias | 1863 | 1865 | [3] | |
Letnan Jenderal José María Marchessi y Oleaga | 1865 | 1867 | [3] | |
Jenderal Julián Juan Pavia Lacy | 1867 | 1868 | [3] | |
Jenderal José Laureano Sanz y Posse | 1868 | 1870 | [3] | |
Letnan Jenderal Gabriel Baldrich | 1870 | 1871 | [3] | |
Jenderal Ramón Gómez Pulido | 1871 | 1872 | [3] | |
Jenderal Simón de la Torre Ormaza | 1872 | 1872 | [3] | |
Brigadir Jenderal Joaquín Eurile Hernan | 1872 | 1873 | [3] | |
Letnan Jenderal Juan Martínez Plowes | 1873 | 1873 | [3] | |
Jenderal Rafael Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte | 1873 | 1874 | [3] | |
Jenderal José Laureano Sanz y Posse | 1875 | 1875 | [3] | |
Jenderal Segundo de la Portilla Gutierrez | 1875 | 1877 | [3] | |
Jenderal Manuel de la Serna Hernandez y Pinzón | 1877 | 1878 | [3] | |
Jenderal José Gamir Maladen | 1878 | 1878 | [3] | |
Jenderal Eulogio Despujols y Dussay | 1878 | 1881 | [3] | |
Jenderal Segundo de la Portilla Gutierrez | 1881 | 1883 | [3] | |
Jenderal Miguel de la Vega Inclán y Palma | 1883 | 1884 | [3] | |
Jenderal Don Carlos Suances Campos | 1884 | 1884 | [3] | |
Jenderal Ramón Fajardo Izquierdo | 1884 | 1884 | [3] | |
Jenderal Luis Daban y Ramírez de Arellanó | 1884 | 1887 | [3] | |
Jenderal Romualdo Palacios Gonzalez | 1887 | 1887 | [3] | |
Jenderal Juan Contreras Martinez | 1887 | 1888 | [3] | |
Jenderal Pedro Ruiz Dana | 1888 | 1890 | [3] | |
Brigadir Jenderal José Pascual Bonanza | 1890 | 1890 | [3] | |
Jenderal José Lasso y Pérez | 1890 | 1893 | [3] | |
Jenderal Luis Daban y Ramírez de Arrellanó | 1893 | 1895 | [3] | |
Jenderal José Gamir | 1895 | 1896 | [3] | |
Jenderal Emilio March | 1896 | 1896 | [3] | |
Jenderal Sabas Marín González | 1896 | 1898 | [9] | |
Jenderal Ricardo de Ortega y Diez | 1898 | 1898 | [10] | |
Jenderal Andrés González Muñoz | 1898 | 1898 | [11] | |
Jenderal Ricardo de Ortega y Diez | 1898 | 1898 | [10] | |
Jenderal Manuel Macías Casado | 1898 | 1898 | [12] | |
Jenderal Ricardo de Ortega y Diez | 1898 | 1898 | [10] |
Gubernur di bawah pemerintahan Amerika Serikat
Pemerintahan militer
Berkas | Nama | Naik jabatan | Turun jabatan | Referensi |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jenderal Nelson A. Miles | 1898 | 1898 | [13] | |
Mayor Jenderal John R. Brooke | 1898 | 1898 | [14] | |
Mayor Jenderal Guy Vernon Henry | 1898 | 1899 | [15] | |
Mayor Jenderal George Whitefield Davis | 1899 | 1900 | [3] |
Setelah Undang-Undang Foraker 1900
Berkas | Nama | Naik jabatan | Turun jabatan | Catatan | Referensi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charles Herbert Allen | 1900 | 1901 | Gubernur sipil AS pertama yang diangkat oleh presiden William McKinley | [16] | |
William Henry Hunt | 1901 | 1904 | [17] | ||
Beekman Winthrop | 1904 | 1907 | [4] | ||
Regis Henri Post | 1907 | 1909 | [4] | ||
Kolonel George Radcliffe Colton | 1909 | 1913 | [4] | ||
Arthur Yager | 1913 | 1921 | [18] | ||
José E. Benedicto | 1921 | 1921 | Interim governor | [4] | |
Emmet Montgomery Reily | 1921 | 1923 | [19] | ||
Juan Bernardo Huyke | 1923 | 1923 | Interim governor | [4] | |
Horace Mann Towner | 1923 | 1929 | [20] | ||
James R. Beverley | 1929 | 1929 | [4] | ||
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. | 1929 | 1932 | [21] | ||
James R. Beverley 2nd Term | 1932 | 1933 | [4] | ||
Robert Hayes Gore | 1933 | 1934 | [22] | ||
Benjamin Jason Horton | 1934 | 1934 | [4] | ||
Jenderal Blanton C. Winship | 1934 | 1939 | Dicopot oleh Presiden Roosevelt pada 12 Mei 1939.[23][24] | [25] | |
José E. Colón | 1939 | 1939 | Interim governor | [3] | |
Laksamana Armada William D. Leahy | 1939 | 1940 | [26] | ||
José Miguel Gallardo | 1940 | 1941 | Interim governor | [3] | |
Komandan Guy J. Swope | 1941 | 1941 | [27] | ||
José Miguel Gallardo | 1941 | 1941 | Interim governor | [3] | |
Rexford Tugwell | 1941 | 1946 | [28] | ||
Jesús T. Piñero | 1946 | 1949 | Only native Puerto Rican governor appointed under U.S colonial administration | [29] |
Gubernur di bawah Konstitusi Persemakmuran Puerto Riko
# | Berkas | Nama | Naik jabatan | Turun jabatan | Partai | Afiliasi dalam politik AS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Luis Muñoz Marín[30] (1898–1980) |
1949 | 1965 | Partai Demokratik Populer | Independen[a] | |
2 | Roberto Sánchez Vilella[32] (1913–1997) |
1965 | 1969 | Partai Demokratik Populer | Partai Demokrat[b] | |
3 | Luis A. Ferré[34] (1904–2003) |
1969 | 1973 | Partai Progresif Baru | Partai Republikan[c] | |
4 | Berkas:Rafael Hernández Colón 1973.png | Rafael Hernández Colón[36] (lahir 1936) |
1973 | 1977 | Partai Demokratik Populer | Demokrat[d] |
5 | Carlos Romero Barceló[38] (lahir 1932) |
1977 | 1985 | Partai Progresif Baru | Demokrat[d] | |
6 | Berkas:Rafael Hernández Colón 1973.png | Rafael Hernández Colón[36] (lahir 1936) |
1985 | 1993 | Partai Demokratik Populer | Demokrat[d] |
7 | Pedro Rosselló[39] (lahir 1944) |
1993 | 2001 | Partai Progresif Baru | Demokrat[40] | |
8 | Sila María Calderón[41] (lahir 1942) |
2001 | 2005 | Partai Demokratik Populer | Demokrat[e] | |
9 | Aníbal Acevedo Vilá[43] (lahir 1962) |
2005 | 2009 | Partai Demokratik Populer | Demokrat[f] | |
10 | Luis Fortuño (lahir 1960) |
2009 | 2013 | Partai Progresif Baru | Republikan[45] | |
11 | Alejandro García Padilla (lahir 1971) |
2013 | 2017 | Partai Demokratik Populer | Demokrat[g] |
Catatan
- ^ Trías Monge (1995) "Aunque se le percibía como Demócrata e influía decisivamente en las gestiones del Partido Demócrata de Puerto Rico, Muñoz Marín nunca se afilió formalmente a ese partido ni participó en actividad alguna de los partidos políticos estadounidenses."[31]
- ^ Metro (2012) "Desde la presidencia de Lyndon B. Johnson ona el gobernación de Roberto Sánchez Vilella, no teníamos un presidente demócrata en Washington y un gobernador demócrata en San Juan."[33]
- ^ Fernós (2003) "[...]su dirigente Don Luis A. Ferré, presidente del Partido Republicano en Puerto Rico."[35]
- ^ a b c Montalvo (2012) "Carlos Romero Barceló y Rafael Hernández Colón son de partidos contrarios en la Isla, pero demócratas en la política estadounidense."[37]
- ^ Castilla y León. "[Calderón] pertenece al Partido Popular Democrático de Puerto Rico y al Partido Demócrata de Estados Unidos."[42]
- ^ DARN (2011) "[Acevedo Vilá] was an active member of the National Governors Association, the Southern Governors Association and the Democratic Governors Association."[44]
- ^ Varela (2013) "[...] Governor Alejandro Padilla, a Democrat [...]"[46]
Catatan kaki
- ^ "Ponce de León, Juan". Infoplease. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Puerto Rico in the Great Depression". New Deal Network. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as "Governors of Puerto Rico - Under Spanish Rule". El Boricua. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax "Puerto Rico - Chronology". World's Statesmen. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ Casa Blanca reveals centuries of San Juan history
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay "Governantes de Puerto Rico" (dalam bahasa Spanish). Link to Puerto Rico. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 7, 2007. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ Altagracia Ortiz (1 January 1983). Eighteenth-century Reforms in the Caribbean: Miguel de Muesas, Governor of Puerto Rico, 1769-76. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3008-2.
- ^ "Rafael Cordero Molina: Maestro de proceres, Siervo de Dios" (dalam bahasa Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Presencia del ideario masónico en el proyecto revolucionario antillano de Ramón Emeterio Betances" (dalam bahasa Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ a b c "Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte VII" (dalam bahasa Spanish). Coqui.net. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-18.
- ^ "Teniente general Andrés González Muñoz" (dalam bahasa Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte VI" (dalam bahasa Spanish). Coqui.net. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Nelson Appleton Miles". Find A Grave. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "John R. Brooke". Library of Congress. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Guy Vernor Henry". Arlington National Cemetery Website. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Allen, Charles Herbert, (1848 - 1934)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Hunt, William Henry". Federal Judicial Center. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Arthur Yager 1908-1913". Georgetown College. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "The Architecture of Power". Carnegie Mellon University. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Towner, Horace Mann, (1855 - 1937)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "TR's Family Tree". Theodore Roosevelt Association. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ Washington Post (1933), "Warren D. Robbins Minister to Canada; White House Also Chooses Robert H. Gore as Governor of Puerto Rico", Washington Post (April 29, 1933): 2
- ^ Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico, editor. 70 pages. May 22, 1937. Published by The Law Library Microform Consortium (LLMC). Accessed on 30 October 2010.
- ^ Vito Marcantonio, U.S. Congressman. Five Years of Tyranny. Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives. Cheverote Productions. 14 August 1939. The entire speech is contained in the Congressional Record 14 August 1939. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ Vito Marcantonio. "Five Years of Tyranny". Cheverote Productions. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-08-08. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "William D. Leahy - Biography". Williamdleahy.com (official web site). Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Swope, Guy Jacob, (1892 - 1969)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Rexford G. Tugwell (1891-1979)". The Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Jesus T. Piñero". Library of Congress. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Luis Muñoz Marín - Biografia". Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ Trías Monge, José (1995). Historia Constitucional de Puerto Rico (dalam bahasa Spanish). V. La Editorial. Diakses tanggal Agustus 10, 2013.
- ^ Luis R. Negrón. "Roberto Sánchez Vilella" (dalam bahasa Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19mdy.
- ^ "Líderes populares reclaman a Cox Alomar para Oficina de PR en Washington". Metro Puerto Rico. Metro International. Desember 20, 2012. Diakses tanggal Agustus 10, 2013.
- ^ "Luis A. Ferré". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ Fernós, Antonio (2003). Ser Nosotros Mismos!: La Angustiosa Lucha Del Pueblo Puertorriqueño Por Su Soberanía Nacional (dalam bahasa Spanish). La Editorial. Diakses tanggal Agustus 10, 2013.
- ^ a b "Rafael Hernández Colón". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ Montalvo, Iza (Oktober 8, 2012). "Exgobernadores de PR visitan Florida en campaña por Obama". La Opinión (dalam bahasa Spanish).
- ^ "Romero-Barceló, Carlos Antonio, (1932 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Pedro Rosselló" (dalam bahasa Spanish). Senado de Puerto Rico. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Hon. Pedro Rosselló - Resumen Biográfico" (dalam bahasa Spanish). 1998. Diakses tanggal Agustus 10, 2013.
[Rosselló es] Vicepresidente de la Asociación de Gobernadores Demócratas.
- ^ "Sila Maria Calderón". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Calderón Serra, Sila María" (dalam bahasa Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León. Diakses tanggal 10 Agustus 2013.
- ^ "Acevedo-Vilá, Aníbal, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Former Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá to Present at DANR Leadership Forum in Puerto Rico". Dominican American National Roundtable. Agustus 7, 2011. Diakses tanggal 10 Agustus 2013.
- ^ "WSJ: Luis Fortuno is a Republican Star". Republican Governors Association. Diakses tanggal Agustus 10, 2013.
- ^ Varela, Julio (Mei 22, 2013). "Opinion: For Puerto Rico to ever progress, the politics of status must disappear". NBC Latino. NBC. Diakses tanggal Agustus 10, 2013.
Bacaan lanjut
- Mellander, Gustavo A.(1971) The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Daville,Ill.:Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568.
- Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999). Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390.