Wahana peluncur antariksa
Dalam penerbangan angkasa, kendaraan peluncur atau roket pembawa adalah roket yang digunakan untuk membawa muatan dari permukaan bumi ke luar angkasa. Sebuah sistem peluncuran termasuk kendaraan peluncur, panggung stage peluncuran dan infrastruktur lainnya. Biasanya muatan payload adalah satelit buatan yang ditempatkan ke orbit, tetapi beberapa spaceflights yang sub-orbital sementara yang lain memungkinkan pesawat ruang angkasa untuk keluar dari orbit Bumi seluruhnya. Sebuah kendaraan peluncuran yang membawa muatan pada lintasan suborbital sering disebut sounding roket.
Peluncuran kendaraan, kendaraan peluncur khususnya orbital, memiliki minimal dua tahap, tapi kadang-kadang sampai 4.
Jenis kendaraan peluncuran
Dengan platform peluncuran
- Darat : Spaceport dan silo rudal tetap (Strela) untuk dikonversi ICBM
- Laut : Platform tetap (San Marco), platform mobile (Sea Launch), kapal selam (Shtil', Volna ) untuk dikonversi SLBM
- Udara : Pesawat (Pegasus, Virgin Galactic LauncherOne, Stratolaunch Sistem), balon (ARCASPACE), JP Aerospace Orbital Ascender, proposal permanen pelabuhan ruang angkasa Buoyant
Dengan ukuran
Ada banyak cara untuk mengklasifikasikan ukuran kendaraan peluncuran. The Komisi Agustinus yang diciptakan untuk meninjau rencana untuk mengganti Space Shuttle , menggunakan skema klasifikasi berikut:
- Sounding rocket tidak dapat mencapai orbit dan hanya mampu spaceflight sub-orbital.
- Kendaraan peluncur small lift mampu mengangkut hingga 2.000 kg (£ 4400) dari muatan ke orbit bumi rendah (LEO).
- Kendaraan peluncur medium lift mampu mengangkut antara 2.000 sampai 20.000 kg (4.400 sampai £ 44.000) dari muatan ke LEO.
- Kendaraan peluncur heavy lift mampu mengangkut antara 20.000 sampai 50.000 kg (44.000 sampai £ 110.200) dari muatan ke LEO.
- Kendaraan peluncur super-heavy lift mampu mengangkut lebih dari 50.000 kg (110.200 £ +) dari muatan ke LEO.
Perakitan
Setiap tahap roket individu umumnya dikumpulkan di lokasi pabrik dan dikirim ke lokasi peluncuran; jangka waktu perakitan kendaraan mengacu pada penggabungan tahap roket dengan muatan pesawat ruang angkasa dalam satu kendaraan perakitan yang dikenal sebagai kendaraan ruang angkasa.
Kendaraan tahap tunggal (seperti sounding roket), dan kendaraan multi tahap mulai yang lebih kecil dari berbagai ukuran, biasanya dapat dirakit secara vertikal, langsung di landasan peluncuran dengan mengangkat setiap tahap pesawat ruang angkasa dan secara berurutan di tempat dengan cara diderek.
Perbandingan Sistem orbital launch
Legend for orbit abbreviations in table:
|
|
|
Legend for launch system status in below table: [under development] — [retired] — [operational]
Lihat pula
Catatan
- ^ A full listing of the Ariane 5 launch history is in its main article.
- ^ Suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l With 9.5 foot (2.9 metre) fairing
- ^ No flights planned, but 5 unsold heavies could be used.
- ^ Without Buran, and assuming payload providing orbital insertion
- ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica quotes Energia's "flyaway unit cost" at "$764 million in 1985 dollars". However the realistic exchange rate of Soviet currency was drastically different from the official conversion rate which had been set by decree at 0.8 Soviet rubles per US$1. Unofficially one US dollar in 1980s was in terms of purchasing power roughly equivalent to four Soviet rubles.
- ^ a b The US Space Shuttle Transportation System and the Soviet Energia-Buran system, consist of launch vehicle rockets and returnable spaceplane orbiter. Payload values listed here are for the mass of the payload in cargo bay of the spaceplanes, excluding the mass of the spaceplanes themselves.
- ^ Not including two launches made using the H-II/SSB and H-IIS configurations
- ^ Only launch failed to achieve orbit
- ^ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted
- ^ The N1 rocket was initially designed for 75mt LEO capacity and launch attempts were made with this version, but there were studies to increase the payload capacity to 90—95 mt, if a liquid-hydrogen upper stage engine could be developed.
- ^ The Saturn V made 13 launches, 12 of which reached the correct orbits, and the other (Apollo 6) reached a different orbit than the one which had been planned; however, some mission objectives could still be completed; NASA, Saturn V News Reference, Appendix: Saturn V Flight History (1968). For more information, see the Saturn V article. The Saturn V launch record is usually quoted as having never failed, e.g. "The rocket was masterminded by Wernher Von Braun and did not fail in any of its flights", Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin; Saturn, but the Apollo 6 launch should be considered a partial mission failure. The 13th launch of Saturn V was in special configuration (SA-513) with the Skylab.
- ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, first orbital launch in 2006
- ^ A third rocket exploded before launch
- ^ First orbital launch attempt in 2005
- ^ a b Operated by Land Launch
- ^ Operated by Sea Launch
Referensi
- ^ a b c "Angaga Launch Vehicle Family". Khrunichev. Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>
tidak sah; nama "khru_angara" didefinisikan berulang dengan isi berbeda - ^ a b c d European Space Directory 2006. Referenced in: Brian Harvey, The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program. p.296.
- ^ a b Семейство ракет-носителей «Ангара», date unknown, Retrieved 2010-08-09.
- ^ a b "The Angara-7 rocket". Russianspaceweb.com. Diakses tanggal 2012-07-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Gunter, Krebs. "Ariane-1, -2, -3, -4". Gunter's Space Page. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Ariane 5 Users Manual, Issue 4, P. 39 (ISS orbit)" (PDF). Arianespace. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-09-27. Diakses tanggal 2007-11-13. Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>
tidak sah; nama "Ariane5_U_M" didefinisikan berulang dengan isi berbeda - ^ "Ariane 5 delivers a record performance with two payloads for new Arianespace customers". Arianespace. Diakses tanggal 2011-04-11.
- ^ a b c d e f "FAA Semi-Annual Launch Report: Second Half of 2009" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration - Office of Commercial Space Transportation. hlm. end of document. Diakses tanggal August 18, 2011.
- ^ "ESA - Launch vehicles - Ariane 5 ME". Esa.int. 2011-06-21. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Ariane-5". Space.skyrocket.de. Diakses tanggal 2012-07-25.
- ^ a b c "Final launch of Ariane 5 GS completes busy year / Launchers / Our Activities / ESA". Esa.int. 2009-12-19. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles". Isro.org. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Athena-1". Astronautix.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b [1][pranala nonaktif]
- ^ "Athena-2". Astronautix.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Gunter, Krebs. "Atlas Centaur". Gunter's Space Page. Diakses tanggal 1 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Gunter, Krebs. "Atlas-5". Gunter's Space Page. Diakses tanggal 1 August 2011.
- ^ "CONTRACT RELEASE : C12-016: NASA Awards Launch Contract For Goes-R And Goes-S Missions". NASA. Diakses tanggal 2013-04-21.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg Gunter, Krebs. "Delta". Gunter's Space Page. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2011.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0300". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2011.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0900". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2011.
- ^ a b Wade, Mark. "Delta 2913". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2011.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 4000". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2011.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Delta 5000". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Delta Product Sheet, FINAL" (PDF). United Launch Alliance. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-09-28. Diakses tanggal 2007-11-14.
- ^ "Breaking News | Lockheed Martin to select Delta 4 rocket for Orion test". Spaceflight Now. Diakses tanggal 2012-07-25.
- ^ a b c d e f Gunter, Krebs. "Delta-4". Gunter's Space Page. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Ed Kyle. "Delta IV Data Sheet". Spacelaunchreport.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Delta Launch Report | New communications craft launched for U.S. military". Spaceflight Now. 2009-12-05. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ Gunter, Krebs. "Dnepr-1". Gunter's Space Page. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d "S.P.Korolev RSC Energia - LAUNCHERS". Energia.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaEnergia3
- ^ a b "Projects&Products". IHI Aerospace. Diakses tanggal 2011-03-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Satellite Launch Vehicles". Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). Diakses tanggal 4 March 2011.
- ^ "Breaking News | Japan's 'affordable' Epsilon rocket triumphs on first flight". Spaceflight Now. 2013-09-14. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1". Diakses tanggal 2010-10-29.
- ^ a b c d "FALCON 9 OVERVIEW". SpaceX. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Falcon 9 Overview". Space Exploration Technologies. Diakses tanggal 29 Oct 2010.
- ^ "Falcon 9 Overview". SpaceX. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-12-01. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-01.
- ^
Klotz, Irene (2013-09-06). "Musk Says SpaceX Being "Extremely Paranoid" as It Readies for Falcon 9's California Debut". Space News. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
...the company’s five previous Falcon 9 boosters, all launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station here. Three of those rockets carried Dragon cargo capsules to the international space station for NASA. Two others were test flights.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (2012-05-18). "Q&A with SpaceX founder and chief designer Elon Musk". Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
The next version of Falcon 9 will be used for everything. The last flight of version 1.0 will be Flight 5. All future missions after Flight 5 will be v1.1. We've got this mission, which is Flight 3. And we've two CRS [Commercial Resupply Services] missions, Flight 4 and Flight 5, which will fly Version 1.0. Then all future missions, CRS or otherwise, will fly Version 1.1.
- ^ "FALCON 9 Launch Vehicle Performance". NASA. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "FALCON 9 Launch Vehicle Performance". NASA. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "Upgraded Spacex Falcon 9.1.1 will launch 25% more than old Falcon 9 and bring price down to $4109 per kilogram to LEO". Nextbigfuture.com. 2013-03-22. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b c d e "Falcon Heavy Overview". SpaceX. 2013. Diakses tanggal 2013-03-22.
- ^ a b "SpaceX Brochure" (PDF). Spacex.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 7 January 2010. Diakses tanggal 14 June 2011.
- ^ "Welcome To ISRO :: GSLV :: GSLV-D1". Isro.org. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles :: GSLV :: GSLV-D2". Isro.org. 2001-04-18. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Welcome To ISRO". Isro.org. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles :: GSLV :: GSLV-F04". Isro.org. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles :: GSLV :: GSLV-D3". Isro.org. 2010-04-15. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles :: GSLV". Isro.org. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Welcome To ISRO :: Launch Vehicles :: GSLV Mark III". Isro.gov.in. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "GSLV Mark III". Indian Space Research Organisation. 2011. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-12.
- ^ a b c Gunter, Krebs. "H-2". Gunter's Space Page. Diakses tanggal 1 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gunter, Krebs. "H-2A". Gunter's Space Page. Diakses tanggal 1 August 2011.
- ^ "H-IIB Launch Vehicle, P. 2" (PDF). Jaxa. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 30 July 2009. Diakses tanggal 3 September 2008.
- ^ a b "Space Launch Report 2011 Launch Stats". Spacelaunchreport.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "NISSAN HERITAGE COLLECTION online【その他】プリンス自動車工業小史". Nissan Motors. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2011.
- ^ "CZ-1". Astronautix.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "[专题]中国大推力火箭技术已被日本大幅超越_网易新闻中心". War.news.163.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b c "长征三号甲运载火箭简述". Diakses tanggal 31 October 2011.
- ^ a b c "CZ-4B (Chang Zheng-4B)". Space.skyrocket.de. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "ChangZheng 5 (Long March 5) Launch Vehicle". SinoDefence.com. 2009-02-20. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-06.
- ^ Covault, Craig. "First Look: China's Big New Rockets « AmericaSpace". Americaspace.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^
"Minotaur I Space Launch Vehicle—Fact Sheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2012. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2006-10-18. Diakses tanggal 2012-02-28.
Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 580 kg to LEO (28.5 deg, 185 km)
- ^ "Minotaur Space Launch Vehicles". Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2012. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-28.
To date, Minotaur has conduced ten missions with a 100% success rate, delivering 33 satellites into orbit.
- ^ a b c d e [2] [pranala nonaktif]
- ^ a b "Molniya and Soyuz with upper stages". Space.skyrocket.de. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamarefN1-1
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamarefN1-2
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamarefN1-3
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamarefN1-4
- ^ a b [3] [pranala nonaktif]
- ^ a b Bergin, Chris (2013-05-25). "Stratolaunch and Orbital – The Height of Air Launch". NASA SpaceFlight. Diakses tanggal 2013-05-24.
- ^ a b "Proton". Astronautix.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "Proton Launch System Mission Planner's Guide, LKEB-9812-1990" (PDF). International Launch Services. hlm. 2–2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-10-27. Diakses tanggal 2007-11-12.
LEO i = 51.6°, H = 200 km circular ... GTO (1800 m/s from GSO) i = 31.0°, Hp = 2100 km, Ha = 35,786 km
- ^ a b c d "Space Transportation Costs: Trends in Price Per Pound to Orbit 1990-2000" (PDF). Futron. Diakses tanggal 2010-05-02.
- ^ a b "PSLV variants capability". ISRO. Diakses tanggal 15 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Gunter, Krebs. "PSLV". Gunter's Space Page. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 August 2011. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2011.
- ^ Harvey, Brian (2007). "Launchers and engines". The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program (edisi ke-1st). Germany: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-71354-0.
- ^ "Rockot Launch Vehicle". Khrunichev.ru. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "Saturn-1 & Saturn-1B". Space.skyrocket.de. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ Bilstein, Roger E. "Appendix C: Saturn Family/Mission Data". Stages to Saturn A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. NASA History Office. Diakses tanggal 7 April 2011.
- ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaRocket and Space Technology
- ^ "SP-4221 The Space Shuttle Decision- Chapter 6: ECONOMICS AND THE SHUTTLE". NASA. Diakses tanggal 2011-01-15.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaSaturn
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaSaturn V Flight History
- ^ "Iranian DM: Simorgh to Carry Tolou, Mesbah Satellites into Space". Fars News Agency. 2010-02-03. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2010-02-03.
- ^ "Iran unveils three new home-made satellites". Payvand.com. Diakses tanggal 2012-07-25.
- ^ a b "Space Launch System (SLS) Program Overview" (PDF). Nasa.gov. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaSpace Launch System
- ^ [4][pranala nonaktif]
- ^ [5][pranala nonaktif]
- ^ "NASA - Space Shuttle". Nasa.gov. Diakses tanggal 2012-07-25.
- ^ a b "Stratolaunch Aims to Break Affordability Barrier". Aviation Week. 2011-12-13. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-15.
- ^
Mecham, Michael; Frank Morring, Jr. (2011-12-20). "Allen Places Big Bet On Air Launches". Aviation Week. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-23.
the overall team is still working through details of how to progress toward its 2016 first launch.
- ^ [6] [pranala nonaktif]
- ^ a b "Taurus II User's Manual, Rev. 1.3" (PDF). Orbital. April 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-05-09. Diakses tanggal 2010-11-11.
- ^ a b "Titan-4". Space.skyrocket.de. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "Fact Sheet - TITAN IVB". United States Air Force. Diakses tanggal 2007-11-12.
- ^ "Tsiklon-2A (11K67)". Space.skyrocket.de. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "Tsiklon-2 (11K69)". Space.skyrocket.de. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "Tsiklon-3 (11K68)". Space.skyrocket.de. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b "Tsyklon-4 launcher main features". nkau.gov.ua. Diakses tanggal 2013-02-25.
- ^ Ed Kyle. "New Launchers - ESA Vega". Spacelaunchreport.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Vega / Launch vehicles / Launchers / Our Activities / ESA". Esa.int. 2013-05-10. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ a b Ed Kyle. "Zenit Data Sheet". Spacelaunchreport.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Zenit launch vehicle". Russianspaceweb.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "Launch Vehicle". Sea Launch. Diakses tanggal 2012-12-10.
- ^ "FAA Semi-Annual Launch Report: Second Half of Fiscal Year 2011" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration - Office of Commercial Space Transportation. hlm. end of document. Diakses tanggal December 10, 2012.
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
- ^ "Rocket and Space Technology". Braeunig.us. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ Alan Lawrie and Robert Godwin, Saturn, 2005 (paperback, Apogee Books Space Series, 2010), ISBN 1-894959-19-1
- ^ John Duncan, Saturn V Flight History (1999), web page (accessed 20 August 2010)
- ^ "Complex N1-L3". Energia.ru. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "L3". Astronautix.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ "RSC "Energia" - History". Energia.ru. 2011-04-12. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-04.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "N1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Diakses tanggal 9 August 2010.
- ^ "S.P.Korolev RSC Energia - LAUNCHERS". Energia.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Energia". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Diakses tanggal 9 August 2010.
- ^ "Space Launch System" (PDF). Nasa.gov. Diakses tanggal 27 August 2013.
Pranala luar
- http://web.archive.org/web/20100805045010/http://cryptome.org/eyeball/satspy/satspy-eyeball.htm
- S. A. Kamal, A. Mirza: The Multi-Stage-Q System and the Inverse-Q System for Possible application in SLV, Proc. IBCAST 2005, Volume 3, Control and Simulation, Edited by Hussain SI, Munir A, Kiyani J, Samar R, Khan MA, National Center for Physics, Bhurban, KP, Pakistan, 2006, pp 27–33 Free Full Text
- S. A. Kamal: Incorporating Cross-Range Error in the Lambert Scheme, Proc. 10th National Aeronautical Conf., Edited by Sheikh SR, Khan AM, Pakistan Air Force Academy, Risalpur, KP, Pakistan, 2006, pp 255–263 Free Full Text
- S. A. Kamal: The Multi-Stage-Lambert Scheme for Steering a Satellite-Launch Vehicle, Proc. 12th IEEE INMIC, Edited by Anis MK, Khan MK, Zaidi SJH, Bahria Univ., Karachi, Pakistan, 2008, pp 294–300 (invited paper) Free Full Text
- S. A. Kamal: Incompleteness of Cross-Product Steering and a Mathematical Formulation of Extended-Cross-Product Steering, Proc. IBCAST 2002, Volume 1, Advanced Materials, Computational Fluid Dynamics and Control Engineering, Edited by Hoorani HR, Munir A, Samar R, Zahir S, National Center for Physics, Bhurban, KP, Pakistan, 2003, pp 167–177 Free Full Text
- S. A. Kamal: Dot-Product Steering: A New Control Law for Satellites and Spacecrafts, Proc. IBCAST 2002, Volume 1, Advanced Materials, Computational Fluid Dynamics and Control Engineering, Edited by Hoorani HR, Munir A, Samar R, Zahir S, National Center for Physics, Bhurban, KP, Pakistan, 2003, pp 178–184 Free Full Text
- S. A. Kamal: Ellipse-Orientation Steering: A Control Law for Spacecrafts and Satellite-Launch Vehicles, Space Science and the Challenges of the twenty-First Century, ISPA-SUPARCO Collaborative Seminar, Univ. of Karachi, 2005 (invited paper)
- Christmas turns bad for ISRO, GSLV mission fails.
- http://themittani.com/features/satellite-extravaganza-us-vs-russia?page=0%2C1
- http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/dnepr.html
- http://www.astronautix.com/articles/costhing.htm Encyclopedia Astronautica: Cost, Price, and the Whole Darn Thing