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Kuaxares II

Revisi sejak 4 Januari 2017 02.42 oleh JohnThorne (bicara | kontrib) (→‎Kontroversi nama)

Cyaxares II adalah seorang raja kerajaan Media yang sejarahnya dicatat oleh sejarawan Yunani, Xenophon. Sejumlah teori mengidentifikasikannya dengan "Darius orang Media" yang disebut dalam Kitab Daniel. Namanya tidak pernah disinggung dalam catatan-catatan sejarawan Yunani lainnya, Herodotus atau Ctesias, sehingga banyak sarjana tadinya meragukan keberadaannya. Namun, pertanyaan tentang kekuasaannya mempengaruhi pandangan apakah kerajaan Media bergabung secara damai dengan Persia sekitar tahun 537 SM, sebagaimana dicatat oleh Xenophon (8.6.22, 8.7.1), atau ditaklukkan melalui pemberontakan oleh orang Persia terhadap kakek Koresh Agung pada tahun 559 SM, jika dihitung dari catatan Herodotus (1.214) dan yang lebih banyak diterima saat ini.

Cyropaedia karya Xenophon

Menurut tulisan Xenophon Cyropaedia (1.5.2), Cyaxares II meneruskan tahta raja Astyages sebagai penguasa kekaisaran Media, dan ia juga saudara laki-laki Mandane, ibu Koresh Agung (1.2.1, 1.4.7). Dicatat bahwa Koresh, pewaris tahta kerajaan Persia, memimpin tentara Media-Persia menguasai Babel pada tahun 539 SM, sementara pamannya Cyaxares tinggal di Ektabana.[1] Cyaxares saat itu sudah berusia lanjut,[2] dan karena Koresh yang memimpin pasukan, maka Koresh yang dianggap sebagai raja. Setelah Koresh mengalahkan Babel, ia mengundang Cyaxares untuk menduduki istana yang disiapkan baginya di Babelo, maka Cyaxares memberikan putrinya (saudara sepupu Koresh) menjadi istri Koresh, dengan mahar kerajaan Media.[3] Cyaxares secara nominal memerintah dari Babel sebagai pemimpin kekaisaran Media-Persia selama dua tahun sampai kematiannnya,[4] meskipun kekuasaan yang sesungguhnya ada di tangan Koresh.[5] Setelah kematian Cyaxares, kekaisaran berpindah tangan secara damai kepada Koresh.[6]

Kontroversi nama

Friedrich König mengira Xenophon merancukan Cyaxares dengan nama kakeknya, yaitu ayah dari Astyages, dengan nama yang sama.[7] Namun, tidaklah aneh di antara para raja untuk diberi nama yang sama dengan leluhurnya. Ini juga terjadi baik dengan Koresh Agung[8] dan Kambisus II.[9] Darius (I) Hystaspes mempunyai seorang cucu bernama Darius yang merupakan ahli waris, tetapi terbunuh sebelum menjadi raja. 

In the 19th century, C. F. Keil, in the Keil and Delitzsch commentary on the Hebrew Bible, cited the reference in Harpocration as evidence outside of the biblical Book of Daniel for the existence of Daniel's "Darius the Mede" as a historical figure.[10]

as a reference to Cyrus' subjugation of the Medes.[butuh rujukan] However, according to Steven Anderson, this may be the means by which Cyrus gained the allegiance of the Median army after the successful campaign against the Lydians and their allies, upstaging Cyaxares II while still pledging allegiance to him. Regarding the "submission" of the Gutians and Umman-Manda, Anderson writes, "In order to justify these false propaganda claims, as well as to provide another opportunity for Cyrus to glorify himself, it became necessary to portray Cyrus as having actually conquered the Medes, rather than gradually appropriating control over the confederated Medo-Persian army, and finally succeeding the last Median king. ... If Cyrus was given lordship over the Median army before the fall of Babylon, this would fit with either Herodotus or Xenophon."[11]

According to Xenophon's Cyropaedia (4.6.1-11), Gobryas, governor of Gutium under the suzerainty of the Babylonians, had a long-standing grudge against the Babylonian king. After Cyrus defeated Croesus, Gobryas came to Cyrus and indicated his allegiance. Gobryas figures prominently in events that follow, giving his advice about how to proceed in the capture of Babylon, and then leading the forces that took the city (5.4.41-50; 7.5.8-33). Although the basic outline of this account might be called into question because of Xenophon's desire to portray Cyrus as a master of tact and diplomacy, there is simply no other account that has survived explaining how the Gutians became followers of Cyrus and were in submission to him, as stated in the Cyrus Cylinder.[butuh rujukan] Xenophon has support from the Nabonidus Chronicle, where Gobryas (Ugbaru), in agreement with the Cyropaedia, is called the governor of Gutium and the leader of the army of Cyrus in the capture of Babylon. Steven Hirsch concludes, "So Xenophon is right to claim that Cyrus enlisted the support of one Gobryas, a Babylonian vassal who was instrumental in the capture of Bablon. This detail is absent from Herodotus' account and from the extant portions of Ctesias' Persica."[12]

The Nabonidus Chronicle

The Nabonidus Chronicle is an ancient Babylonian text, part of a larger series of Babylonian Chronicles inscribed in cuneiform script on clay tablets. Amélie Kuhrt describes the Nabonidus Chronicle as "the most reliable and sober [ancient] account of the fall of Babylon."[13][butuh rujukan] However, the Chronicle has also been described as "a piece of propaganda at Cyrus's service".[14] Its annalistic nature suggests that original documents from the reign of Nabonidus were the starting point of its texts, but these have been heavily edited to shed unfavorable light on Nabonidus as one who repeatedly neglected the new year festival in Babylon.

 
The Nabonidus Chronicle

In regard to the historicity Cyaxares II, the Chronicle agrees with Herodotus that the army of Ishtumegu of Agamantu (considered to be Astyages of Ectabana) revolted against him, whereupon "Cyrus, king of Anshan" conquered and pillaged Agamantu/Ectabana. This has been taken as supportingTemplat:Weasel-inline Herodotus with regard to the succession of kings in which Cyrus the Great immediately followed Astyages as king of both Media and Persia, with no intervening Cyaxares II.[butuh rujukan] Although the agreement between the Nabonidus Chronicle and Herodotus, that Cyrus conquered Astyages and put an end to the Median kingdom, has seemed conclusive to most modern scholars, there remain some difficulties.[butuh rujukan] One of these is the consideration that Herodotus and the Nabonidus Chronicle may not be independent witnesses.[butuh rujukan] Herodotus said he had four versions of the upbringing of Cyrus and how he came to be king available to him, and he chose to present only one of them (Histories 1.95). The account he chose is apparentlyTemplat:Weasel-inline the official view of the Persians;[butuh rujukan] in other words, the agreement of Herodotus with the Nabonidus Chronicle in this matter should not be regarded as two independent testimonies.[butuh rujukan] It should be noted that the Nabonidus Chronicle supports Xenophon in relating that it was Ugbaru/Gobryas, governor of Gutium, who was general of the armies that conquered Babylon.[butuh rujukan]

In a section that is partially defective, the Nabonidus Chronicle reports the death of the "wife of the king". This happened at some time before the end of the month in which the forces of Cyrus captured Babylon. If the king was Cyrus, as seems most probable, then the one who died was his first wife, Cassandane, mother of Cambyses II.[butuh rujukan] Cambyses II was old enough to be prince regent when his father entered Babylon. If Cassandane had died at this time, it would shed light on the passage in the Cyropaedia (8.5.19) where Cyaxares II, maternal uncle of Cyrus, gave his daughter as bride to the recently bereaved Cyrus, with the kingdom of Media as her dowry.[butuh rujukan] The death of the king's wife in the Nabonidus Chronicle would then explain why Cyrus would take a new queen in his middle years, as stated in the Cyropaedia.[butuh rujukan] Most historians do not make any connection between the death of the king's wife in the Nabonidus Chronicle and Cyrus's taking a new wife shortly thereafter (Cyropaedia) because to do soTemplat:Weasel-inline would lend credence to the existence of Cyaxares II.[butuh rujukan] One writer who makes the connection is William Shea.[15]

Herodotus

The Histories (Herodotus) of Herodotus was written sometime between 450 and 420 BC.[16] Herodotus has no room for Cyaxares II in the Histories, because his narrative has Cyrus leading a successful rebellion against his maternal grandfather, Astyages king of the Medes. As a consequence,[butuh rujukan] the Medes became "slaves" of the Persians (1.129,130). Herodotus states that Astyages had no male heir (1.109); this may be compared to Xenophon's statement (Cyropaedia 8.5.19) that it was Cyaxares (II), son of Astyages, who had no male heir.[butuh rujukan] The lack of a male heir is an essential part of the story of Herodotus regarding the birth and upbringing of Cyrus, an account that is universally recognized as an adaptation of widespread myths about rejected sons becoming king.[butuh rujukan] The animosity between Cyrus and Astyages that led to Cyrus' rebellion is an integral part of that myth.[butuh rujukan] The rebellion is generally accepted as true by modern historians, as it is supported by other texts such as the Nabonidus Chronicle. -->

Referensi

  1. ^ Cyropaedia 6.3.2, 7.4.16, 8.5.17.
  2. ^ Cyropaedia 4.5.32, 6.1.6.
  3. ^ Cyropaedia 8.5.19.
  4. ^ (Cyropaedia 8.6.22, 8.7.1.
  5. ^ Cyropaedia 8.6.22, 8.7.1.
  6. ^ Cyropaedia 8.6.22, 8.7.1/
  7. ^ König, Friedrich (1934). Älteste Geschichte der Meder und Perser. Leipzig. hlm. 37–44. 
  8. ^ Herodotus 1.111; Cyrus Cylinder (Pritchard, p. 316).
  9. ^ Herodotus 1.111; Cyropaedia 1.2.1, 8.7.11; Cyrus Cylinder (Pritchard, p. 316).
  10. ^ Keil in Keil and Delitzsch, p. 548, note 1. Keil devotes about seven pages to a discussion of Xenophon’s importance for verifying the account of Daniel. His references to Harpocration and Berossus as naming a Darius earlier than Darius Hystpases were taken over by Zöckler in Lange’s Commentary. Both of these commentaries are in print today.
  11. ^ Anderson, Darius the Mede: A Reappraisal, pp. 69-70.
  12. ^ Hirsch, Steven W. (1985). The Friendship of the Barbarians: Xenophon and the Persian Empire. Hanover and London: University Press of New England. hlm. 77. 
  13. ^ Kuhrt, Amélie. "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in The Cambridge Ancient History: Persia, Greece, and the Western Mediterranean, C. 525-479 B.C, pp. 112-138. Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-521-22804-2
  14. ^ Wiesehöfer, Josef (trans. Azodi, Azizeh). Ancient Persia: From 550 BC to 650 AD, p. 49. I.B.Tauris, 2001. ISBN 1-86064-675-1
  15. ^ Shea, William H. (1989). "Darius the Mede in His Persian-Babylonian Setting". Andrews University Seminary Studies. 29 (3): 226–30. 
  16. ^ Marincola, John (2001). Greek Historians. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. hlm. 24. 

Pustaka

  • Pritchard, James B., ed. (1969). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. 
  • Cyrus Cylinder Full Babylonian text of the Cyrus Cylinder as it was known in 2001; translation; brief introduction.
  • Xenophon, Cyropaedia: the education of Cyrus, ("Cyropaedia: Pendidikan Koresh") diterjemahkan dari bahasa Yunani ke dalam bahasa Inggris oleh Henry Graham Dakyns dan disunting oleh F.M. Stawell, Project Gutenberg.

Templat:Median topics

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