Undang-Undang Smoot-Hawley
Undang-Undang Tarif 1930 (dikodifikasikan pada 19 U.S.C. ch. 4), atau dikenal sebagai Tarif Smoot–Hawley atau Tarif Hawley–Smoot,[1] adalah suatu undang-undang yang diprakarsai oleh Senator Reed Smoot dan Anggota Dewan Willis C. Hawley dan disahkan menjadi undang-undang pada 17 Jun 1930. Undang-undang ini menaikkan tarif AS terhadap lebih dari 20.000 barang-barang impor.[2]
Judul lengkap | Suatu UU Untuk memberikan pendapatan, untuk mengatur perdagangan dengan negara-negara asing, untuk mendorong industri Amerika Serikat, untuk melindungi tenaga kerja Amerika, dan untuk tujuan lainnya. |
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Julukan | Tarif Smoot-Hawley, Tarif Hawley-Smoot |
Disahkan oleh | Kongres Amerika Serikat ke-71 |
Berlaku | 13 Maret 1930 |
Kutipan | |
Public law | Pub.L. 71-361 |
Statutes at Large | ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590 |
Riwayat legislatif | |
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Tarif (tidak termasuk impor bebas-cukai – lihat #Lapisan tarif di bawah) menurut undang-undang ini merupakan tertinggi kedua di Amerika Serikat dalam 100 tahun, dilampaui dengan selisih kecil dari Tarif 1828.[3] UU ini dan balasan tarif dengan mitra dagang Amerika membantu mengurangi ekspor Amerika dan impor dengan lebih dari setengah selama Depresithe Act and following retaliatory tariffs by America's trading partners helped reduce American exports and imports by more than half during the Depression;[4] but economists disagree by how much.
Pemrakarsa dan sejarah legislatif
Pada 1922, Kongres mengesahkan Undang-Undang Tarif Fordney–McCumber yang menaikkan tarif impor.
Catatan
- ^ ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590, June 17, 1930, see 19 U.S.C. § 1654
- ^ Taussig (1931)
- ^ WWS 543: Class notes, 2/17/10, Paul Krugman, February 16, 2010, Presentation, slide 4
- ^ Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776 (University of North Carolina Press, 1995, pp. 100–03)
Referensi
- Archibald, Robert B.; =Feldman, David H. (1998), "Investment During the Great Depression: Uncertainty and the Role of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", Southern Economic Journal, 64 (4): 857–79, doi:10.2307/1061208, JSTOR 1061208.
- Crucini, Mario J. (1994), "Sources of variation in real tariff rates: The United States 1900 to 1940", American Economic Review, 84 (3): 346–53, JSTOR 2118081.
- Crucini, Mario J.; Kahn, James (1996), "Tariffs and Aggregate Economic Activity: Lessons from the Great Depression", Journal of Monetary Economics, 38 (3): 427–67, doi:10.1016/S0304-3932(96)01298-6.
- Eckes, Alfred (1995), Opening America's Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy since 1776, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-585-02905-9.
- Eichengreen, Barry (1989), "The Political Economy of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", Research in Economic History, 12: 1–43.
- Irwin, Douglas (1998), "The Smoot–Hawley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment", Review of Economics and Statistics, 80 (2): 326–34, doi:10.1162/003465398557410.
- Irwin, Douglas A. Peddling Protectionism: Smoot–Hawley and the Great Depression (Princeton University Press; 2011) 244 pages
- Kaplan, Edward S. (1996), American Trade Policy: 1923–1995, London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-29480-1.
- Kottman, Richard N. (1975), "Herbert Hoover and the Smoot–Hawley Tariff: Canada, A Case Study", Journal of American History, 62 (3): 609–35, doi:10.2307/2936217, JSTOR 2936217.
- Koyama, Kumiko (2009), "The Passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?", Journal of Policy History, 21 (2): 163–86, doi:10.1017/S0898030609090071.
- Madsen, Jakob B. (2001), "Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World Trade during the Great Depression", Southern Economic Journal, 67 (4): 848–68, doi:10.2307/1061574, JSTOR 1061574.
- McDonald, Judith; =O'Brien, Anthony Patrick; Callahan, Colleen (1997), "Trade Wars: Canada's Reaction to the Smoot–Hawley Tariff", Journal of Economic History, 57 (4): 802–26, doi:10.1017/S0022050700019549, JSTOR 2951161.
- Merill, Milton (1990), Reed Smoot: Apostle in Politics, Logan, UT: Utah State Press, ISBN 0-87421-127-1.
- O'Brien, Anthony, "Smoot–Hawley Tariff", EH Encyclopedia.
- Pastor, Robert (1980), Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy, 1929–1976, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03904-1.
- Schattschneider, E. E. (1935), Politics, Pressures and the Tariff, New York: Prentice-Hall → Classic study of passage of Hawley–Smoot tariff.
- Taussig, F. W. (1931), The Tariff History of the United States (PDF) (edisi ke-8th), New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
- Temin, Peter (1989), Lessons from the Great Depression, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-20073-2.
- Turney, Elaine C. Prange; Northrup, Cynthia Clark (2003), Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia.
- Irwin, Douglas (2011), Peddling Protectionism: Smoot–Hawley and the Great Depression, Princeton University Press, hlm. 256, ISBN 978-0-691-15032-1.