Pemisahan suku bangsa di Amerika Serikat

Pemisahan rasial di Amerika Serikat, sebagai istilah umum, meliputi pemisahan atau "pemisahan berlebihan" dari fasilitas, jasa, dan kesempatan seperti perumahan, perawatan medis, pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan transportasi berdasarkan pada ras. Ekspresi tersebut seringkali merujuk kepada pemisahan Afrika Amerika dari ras lainnya dengan paksa secara hukum atau sosial, selain juga ditujukan kepada diskriminasi umum melawan orang kulit berwarna oleh komunitas orang kulit putih.^[1]

Istilah tersebut merujuk kepada pemisahan fisik dan tujuan yang disebut fasilitas "terpisah namun setara", yang terpisah namun kadang setara,^[2] serta manifestasi diskriminasi rasial lainnya, seperti pemisahan peran dalam sebuah lembaga: contohnya dalam Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Serikat sebelum 1950an, unit orang kulit hitam yang biasanya dipisahkan dari unit orang kulit putih namun dipimpin oleh para perwira kulit putih.^[3]

Referensi

^ C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (3rd ed. 1974).
^ Margo, Robert A. (1990). Race and Schooling in the South, 1880–1950: An Economic History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. hlm. 68. ISBN 978-0-226-50510-7.
^ Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality (2008)

Bacaan tambahan

Bond, Horace Mann. "The Extent and Character of Separate Schools in the United States." Journal of Negro Education 4(July 1935):321–27. in JSTOR.
Chafe, William Henry, Raymond Gavins, and Robert Korstad, eds. Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South (2003).
Graham, Hugh. The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972 (1990)
Hannah-Jones, Nikole. "Worlds Apart". New York Times Magazine, June 12, 2016, pp. 34-39 and 50-55.
Hasday, Judy L. The Civil Rights Act of 1964: An End to Racial Segregation (2007).
Lands, LeeAnn, "A City Divided", Southern Spaces, December 29, 2009.
Levy, Alan Howard. Tackling Jim Crow: Racial Segregation in Professional Football (2003).
Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy Denton. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (1993)
Merry, Michael S. (2012). "Segregation and Civic Virtue" Educational Theory Journal 62(4), pg. 465-486.
Myrdal, Gunnar. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (1944).
Ritterhouse, Jennifer. Growing Up Jim Crow: The Racial Socialization of Black and White Southern Children, 1890–1940. (2006).
Sitkoff, Harvard. The Struggle for Black Equality (2008)
Tarasawa, Beth. "New Patterns of Segregation: Latino and African American Students in Metro Atlanta High Schools," Southern Spaces, January 19, 2009.
Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1955).
Yellin, Eric S. Racism in the Nation's Service: Government Workers and the Color Line in Woodrow Wilson's America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.

Pranala luar

Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
File a housing discrimination complaint
"Remembering Jim Crow" – Minnesota Public Radio (multi-media)
"Africans in America" – PBS 4-Part Series
Black History Collection
"the Rise and Fall of Jim Crow", 4-part series from PBS distributed by California Newsreel

[1] C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (3rd ed. 1974).

[2] Margo, Robert A. (1990). Race and Schooling in the South, 1880–1950: An Economic History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. hlm. 68. ISBN 978-0-226-50510-7.

[3] Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality (2008)

[1]

[2]

[3]