Konvensi Simla
Konvensi Simla, atau Konvensi Antara Britania Raya, Tiongkok, dan Tibet [di] Simla,[1] adalah sebuah perjanjian internasional mengenai status Tibet yang dirundingkan oleh perwakilan dari Republik Tiongkok, Tibet, dan Britania Raya di Simla pada tahun 1913 dan 1914.
Konvensi ini menetapkan bahwa Tibet akan dibagi menjadi "Tibet Luar" dan "Tibet Dalam". Tibet bagian luar, yang kira-kira bersesuaian dengan Ü-Tsang dan Kham bagian barat, akan "tetap dalam penguasaan Pemerintah Tibet di Lhasa di bawah suzerenitas Tiongkok" , namun Tiongkok tidak akan ikut campur dalam administrasi pemerintahannya. "Tibet Dalam", kira-kira sama dengan Amdo dan Kham bagian timur, berada di bawah yurisdiksi pemerintah Tiongkok. Konvensi tersebut bersama dengan tambahan-tambahannya juga menetapkan batas antara Tibet dengan Tiongkok sebenarnya dan antara Tibet dengan Kemaharajaan Britania (yang disebutkan terakhir kemudian dikenal sebagai Garis McMahon).[1][2][a]
Tiongkok menolak Konvensi ini dan wakil berkuasa penuh mereka, Ivan Chen, menarik diri pada 3 Juli 1914. Wakil berkuasa penuh Britania dan Tibet kemudian melampirkan sebuah catatan yang menyangkal hak istimewa Tiongkok menurut Konvensi ini dan mengesahkannya sebagai perjanjian bilateral pada hari yang sama.[3][b][4] Catatan Britania menunjukkan bahwa terdapat syarat-syarat bagi pemerintah Tibet untuk menerima perbatasan baru pada tahun 1914, syaratnya adalah bahwa Tiongkok harus menerima Konvensi Simla, karena Britania tidak dapat memperoleh bentuk penerimaan dari Tiongkok, pemerintah Tibet menganggap bahwa Garis MacMahon tidak sah.[5]
Hasil kerja McMahon pada awalnya ditolak oleh pemerintah Britania karena tidak sesuai dengan Konvensi Inggris-Rusia tahun 1907. Konvensi ini dibatalkan pada tahun 1921. Britania mulai menggunakan Garis McMahon di peta Survei India pada tahun 1937, dan Konvensi Simla dipublikasikan secara resmi pada tahun 1938.[c]
Latar belakang
Early British efforts to create a boundary for north-east India were triggered by their discovery in the mid-19th century that Tawang, an important trading town, was Tibetan territory.[6] Britain had concluded treaties with Qing China concerning Tibet's boundaries with Burma[7] and Sikkim.[8]
Referensi
Catatan
- ^ The map was finalised on 24/25 March 1914 by the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries. Indian sources currently claim that, on being informed of the line, the Chinese plenipotentiary did not express any disagreement.(Sinha, (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8))
The two maps (27 April 1914 and 3 July 1914) illustrating the boundaries bear the full signature of the Tibetan Plenipotentiary; the first bears the full signature of the Chinese Plenipotentiary also; the second bears the full signatures along with seals of both Tibetan and British Plenipotentiaries. (V. Photographic reproductions of the two maps in Atlas of the North Frontier of India, New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs 1960)
— Sinha (21 February 1966), p. 37 - ^ This Accord was initialled and sealed by the British plenipotentiary, A. Henry McMahon, and sealed by the Tibetan plenipotentiary Lochen Shatra but not the Chinese plenipotentiary, Ivan Chen, as he had withdrawn from the Convention before the Accord was initialled and sealed.("Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)", Tibet Justice Center. Retrieved 20 March 2009).
- ^
The Simla Convention and its appended Indo-Tibetan agreement did not appear in Aitchison's Treaties (the official GOI record), including the final 1929 edition, since the unratified Simla Convention was not a valid international treaty and the Indo-Tibetan agreement was secret. The 1929 edition was withdrawn by a British Indian official, Olaf Caroe, in 1938, and a new edition was issued that included the Simla Convention and the McMahon-Shartra notes (but not the Anglo-Tibetan agreement or the McMahon Line map)
— Smith, Warren, Tibetan Nation, p201, n163
Kutipan
- ^ a b "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)", Tibet Justice Center. Retrieved 20 March 2009
- ^ Sinha (Calcutta 1974), p. 12 (pdf p. 8)
- ^ Goldstein 1991, hlm. 837.
- ^ Sinha (Calcutta 1974), pp. 5,12 (pdf pp. 1,8)
- ^ Tsering Shakya (1999). The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947. Columbia University Press. hlm. 279–. ISBN 978-0-231-11814-9.
- ^ Calvin, James Barnard, "The China-India Border War", Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984
- ^ Convention Relating to Burmah and Tibet (1886), Tibet Justice Center. Retrieved 20 March 2009
- ^ "Convention Between Great Britain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet (1890)", Tibet Justice Center. Retrieved 20 March 2009
Sumber
- Aitchison C.U. "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla", A Collection of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads, Vol XIV, Calcutta 1929, pp. 21 & 38. (Official British colonial treaty record), on the website of the Tibet Justice Center. Retrieved 2009-03-20
- James Barnard, (Lieutenant Commander,U. S. Navy) The China – India Border War (1962), Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984, republished as The China-India Border War, globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- Lunn, Jon. Tibet (SN/IA/5018), International Affairs and Defence Section, British Parliamentary Briefing Paper, 20 March 2009.
- Maxwell, Neville. India's China War (1970) Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-61887-3
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1991), A history of modern Tibet, 1913–1951: the demise of the Lamaist state, University of California Press, hlm. 75,307, 837, ISBN 978-0-520-07590-0
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997), The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama, University of California Press., hlm. 30–31, ISBN 0-520-21951-1
- Namoyal, Gyalmo Hope; Gyaltshen T. Sherab; Sinha, Nirmal C. (editors). Bulletin of Tibetology, Gangtok Sikkim, Vol III No, 1. 21 February 1966, Director Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, Gantok.
- Sinha, Nirmal C. Article "Was the Simla Convention not signed?" pp. 33–38
- Shakya, Tsering. The Dragon in the Land of Snows (1999) Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11814-7
- Sinha, Nirmal C. The Simla Convention 1914: A Chinese Puzzle, Reproduced from the Presidency College Magazine: Diamond Jubilee Number (Calcutta 1974).
- Staff, "Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)", Tibet Justice Center. Retrieved 2009-03-20
