Devolusi

Devolusi adalah pelimpahan kekuasaan dari pemerintah pusat dari suatu negara berdaulat kepada pemerintah pada tingkat subnasional, seperti tingkat regional, lokal, atau negara bagian. Devolusi dapat diberikan terutama karena alasan keuangan, misalnya melimpahkan penyusunan anggaran daerah yang sebelumnya dikelola oleh pemerintah pusat. Namun, kekuatan untuk membuat undang-undang yang relevan bagi daerah juga dapat dijadikan alasan pemberian devolusi.

Devolusi berbeda dengan federalisme. Dalam federalisme, kekuasaan yang dilimpahkan kepada daerah hanya bersifat sementara dan pada akhirnya kekuasaan tetap berada di tangan pemerintah pusat. Badan Legislatif berhak membentuk parlemen atau dewan terdevolusi, namun parlemen ini dapat dicabut atau diamendemen oleh pemerintah pusat. Devolusi ini juga berbeda dengan desentralisasi, yang pelimpahan kekuasaannya tidak terbatas, atau hanya dibatasi pada bidang-bidang tertentu saja, seperti politik, hukum, pertahanan, keamanan, hubungan luar negeri, keuangan dan sebagainya.

Daftar negara kesatuan dengan devolusi

Artikel utama: Negara regional

Year	State	Government type	Subdivisions article	Main regional units	Other regional units
1995	Azerbaijan	Negara presiden partai dominan	Administratif divisi Azerbaijan	10 autonomous regions, 66 rayons and 77 cities	Autonomous republic: Nakhchivan
2009	Bolivia	Republik Konstitusional	Departmen Bolivia	9 departments
1980	Chile	Republik	Region Chile	15 regions
1949	China	Republik Rakyat	Administratif division China	22 provinces (Taiwan is claimed as the 23rd province), 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities	2 special administrative regions: Hong Kong and Macau
1991	Colombia	Republik	Departmen Colombia	33 departments
1992	Czech Republic	Republic	Regions of the Czech Republic	13 regions (kraje)	1 Capital District, Prague, has the same autonomy and privileges as Czech regions.
1849	Denmark	Monarki Konstitusional	Region Denmark	5 regions	2 autonomous territories: Greenland and Faroe Islands
1919	Finlandia	Republik	Region Finlandia	19 regions	Åland Islands
1958	Perancis	Republik	Region Perancis	27 regions, of which 6 have a special degree of autonomy
1991	Georgia	Republik	Administratif divisi Georgia	9 regions (one of them declared de facto independence: Abkhazia (1999)), 1 city, and 2 autonomous republics (one of them also declared de facto independence: South Ossetia (2006))	Adjara and South Ossetia (Tskinvali region)
1975	Yunani	Republik	Administratif division Yunani	13 regions	Mount Athos
1950	Indonesia	Republik	Provinsi Indonesia	34 provinces which 5 have special status	Provinces with special status: Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua
1946	Italy	Republik	Region Italia	20 regions, of which 5 have a special degree of autonomy	2 autonomous provinces
1947	Jepang	Monarki Konstitusional	Prefectures of Japan	47 prefectures
1964	Kenya	Republik Presidensial	Konti Kenya	47 counties based on 47 districts, with 47 elected governors, recognized by 2010 Constitution
1991	Moldova	Republik	Administratif divisi Moldova	32 districts and 3 municipalities	2 provinces: Gagauzia and Transnistria. Transnistaria is a de facto independent state.
1954	Belanda	Monarki Konstitusional	Provinsi Belanda	12 provinces and 3 special municipalities	Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
1986	Selandia Baru	Kerajaan persemakmuran	Region Selandia Baru	16 regions	Two territories in free association: Cook Islands and Niue and two dependencies: Tokelau and Ross
1986	Nikaragua	Republik	Departmen Nikaragua	15 departaments	Two autonomous regions: North Atlantic and South Atlantic
1975	Papua Nugini	Kerajaan Persemakmuran	Provinsi Papua Nugini	20 provinces	1 capital territory: National Capital District and 1 autonomous region: Bougainville
1993	Peru	Republik	Region Peru	25 regions	1 province at the first order: Lima
1987	Filipina	Republik	Administratif divisi Filipina	17 regions, 81 provinces, 144 cities, 1,491 municipalities, and 42,028 barangays	Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
1976	Portugal	Republik	Administratif divisi Portugal	308 municipalities	Azores and Madeira
2006	Serbia	Republik	Administratif divisi Serbia	138 municipalities and 23 cities	Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija (Serbia does not recognize the independence of Kosovo)
1978	Kepulauan Solomon	Kerajaan Persemakmuran	Provinces of the Solomon Islands	9 provinces	1 capital territory: Honiara
1996	Afrika Selatan	Republik	Provinsi Afrika Selatan	9 provinces
1948	Korea Selatan	Republik	Administratif divisi Korea Selatan	8 provinces and 6 cities	One special city, one special self-governing city and one special self-governing province
1978	Spanyol	Monarki Konstitusional	Otonomi Komunitas Spanyol (nasionalitas dan region Spain)	17 autonomous communities of which 2 have a special degree of tax raising autonomy	2 autonomous cities
1987	Sri Lanka	Republic	Provinces of Sri Lanka	9 provinces
1992	Tajikistan	Republik	Provinsi Tajikistan	2 provinces, 1 autonomous province (Gorno-Badakhshan) and a zone of direct central rule (Districts of Republican Subordination).	1 autonomous city
1977	Tanzania	Republik	Region Tanzania	30 regions	Zanzibar
1976	Trinidad dan Tobago	Republik	Administratif divisi Trinidad dan Tobago	9 regions and 5 municipalities	Tobago
1996	Ukraina	Republik	Administratif divisi Ukraine	24 oblasts (provinces) and one autonomous republic	Crimea
1922	Britania Raya	Kerajaan Persemakmuran	Negara Britania Raya (Home Nations)	4 constituent countries, of which 3 have devolved governments
1991	Uzbekistan	Republik	Provinsi Uzbekistan	9 provinces and one independent city	Qaraqalpaqstan

Pranala luar

• Economic and Social Research Council Devolution and Constitutional Change research programme
• An Article from the BBC describing the transfer of powers from the UK Parliament to the Welsh Assembly