Daftar negara menurut anggaran penelitian dan pengembangan
artikel daftar Wikimedia
Berikut adalah daftar negara dengan pengeluaran untuk bidang penelitian dan pengembangan (R&D) secara riil dan sesuai data terbaru yang tersedia.
Daftar Negara
Hanya negara-negara yang setiap tahunnya menghabiskan lebih dari 50 juta dolar yang dimasukkan. Total pengeluaran nominal litbang dunia sekitar satu triliun dolar pada tahun 2010.[1]
Peringkat | Negara/Daerah | Pengeluaran Litbang (milyar dolar US$, PPP), |
% dari GDP PPP |
Pengeluaran Litbang per kapita (US$ PPP), |
Tahun | Sumber |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amerika Serikat | 511.1 | 2.744% | 1,586.35 | 2016 | [2] |
2 | Tiongkok | 451.9 | 2.107% | 321.99 | 2016 | [2] |
3 | Jepang | 165.7 | 3.147% | 1,297.39 | 2016 | [2] |
4 | Jerman | 118.8 | 2.94% | 1,450.17 | 2016 | [2] |
5 | Korea Selatan | 91.6 | 4.292% | 1,518.47 | 2014 | [3] |
6 | India | 66.5 | 0.85% | 39.37 | 2015 | [4] |
7 | Perancis | 60.0 | 2.256% | 905.8 | 2014 | [5] |
8 | Inggris | 44.8 | 1.701% | 692.9 | 2014 | [5] |
9 | Rusia | 42.6 | 1.187% | 290.21 | 2014 | [3] |
10 | Brazil | 38.4 | 1.17% | 177.89 | 2012 | [6][2][7] |
11 | Taiwan | 33.7 | 3.1% | 1,383.84 | 2015 | [8][3] |
12 | Italia | 27.4 | 1.287% | 452.14 | 2014 | [3] |
13 | Kanada | 25.7 | 1.612% | 723.5 | 2014 | [5] |
14 | Australia | 23.3 | 2.12% | 986.86 | 2014 | [9] |
15 | Spanyol | 19.2 | 1.222% | 413.46 | 2014 | [3] |
16 | Belanda | 16.3 | 1.973% | 967.8 | 2014 | [5] |
17 | Turki | 15.3 | 1.007% | 198.36 | 2014 | [3] |
18 | Swedia | 14.2 | 3.161% | 1,468.1 | 2014 | [5] |
19 | Swiss | 13.1 | 2.967% | 1,647.90 | 2012 | [3] |
20 | Israel | 12.7 | 4.3% | 1,361.56 | 2015 | [3] |
21 | Belgia | 12.4 | 2.465% | 1,102.9 | 2014 | [5] |
22 | Austria | 11.9 | 3.1% | 1,416.14 | 2015 | [3] |
23 | Polandia | 11.6 | .935% | 301.06 | 2014 | [3][7][2] |
24 | Malaysia | 10.6 | 1.3% | 344.3 | 2015 | [6] |
25 | Singapura | 10.0 | 2.186% | 1,831.7 | 2014 | [5] |
26 | Meksiko | 9.0 | 0.941% | 237.57 | 2014 | [3] |
27 | Denmark | 8.2 | 3.085% | 1,450.2 | 2014 | [5] |
28 | Finlandia | 7.2 | 3.174% | 1,318.0 | 2014 | [5] |
29 | Chechnya | 6.3 | 1.997% | 600.04 | 2014 | [3] |
30 | Mesir | 6.2 | 0.68% | 73.18 | 2013 | [6] |
31 | Norwegia | 5.8 | 1.710% | 1,123.9 | 2014 | [5] |
32 | Argentina | 5.0 | 0.588% | 129.09 | 2013 | [3][2][7] |
33 | Afrika Selatan | 4.8 | 0.732% | 92.25 | 2012 | [3] |
34 | United Arab Emirates | 4.28 | 0.70% | 470.7 | 2014 | [5] |
35 | Irlandia | 3.6 | 1.519% | 779.4 | 2014 | [5] |
36 | Portugis | 3.6 | 1.285% | 347.84 | 2014 | [3] |
37 | Thailand | 3.6 | 0.39% | 52.67 | 2011 | [6] |
38 | Hungaria | 3.4 | 1.371% | 343.01 | 2014 | [3] |
39 | Ukraina | 3 | 0.76% | 73.7 | 2013 | [6] |
40 | Hong Kong | 2.7 | 0.73% | 373.09 | 2012 | [6] |
41 | Yunani | 2.4 | 1.007% | 216.72 | 2014 | [3][10][7] |
42 | Pakistan | 2.4 | 0.29% | 13.29 | 2013 | [6] |
43 | Indonesia | 2.0 | 0.08% | 8.09 | 2013 | [6] |
44 | Selandia Baru | 1.8 | 1.172% | 400.99 | 2013 | [3] |
45 | Arab Saudi | 1.8 | 0.25% | 60.01 | 2012 | [11][12] |
46 | Kolombia | 1.6 | 0.24% | 31 | 2014 | [6][2][7] |
47 | Chili | 1.54 | 0.38% | 87.39 | 2014 | [3][2][7] |
48 | Slovenia | 1.5 | 2.386% | 712.63 | 2014 | [3] |
49 | Morocco | 1.5 | 0.73% | 47.59 | 2010 | [6] |
50 | Romania | 1.5 | 0.383% | 75.62 | 2014 | [3] |
51 | Slovakia | 1.4 | 0.886% | 250.55 | 2014 | [3] |
52 | Qatar | 1.3 | 0.47% | 698.50 | 2012 | [6] |
53 | Belarus | 1.12 | 0.67% | 118.44 | 2013 | [6] |
54 | Vietnam | 0.87 | 0.21% | 9.91 | 2011 | [13] |
55 | Kuwait | 0.83 | 0.30% | 214.16 | 2013 | [6] |
56 | Bulgaria | 0.81 | 0.65% | 112.15 | 2013 | [14] |
57 | Ekuador | 0.8 | 0.44% | 49.90 | 2016 | [2][7] |
58 | Ethiopia | 0.79 | 0.61% | 9.08 | 2013 | [6] |
59 | Tunisia | 0.78 | 0.68% | 72.83 | 2012 | [6] |
60 | Lithuania | 0.76 | 0.88% | 245.36 | 2017 | [14] |
61 | Luxembourg | 0.7 | 1.256% | 1,252.7 | 2014 | [5] |
62 | Croatia | 0.7 | 0.81% | 166.75 | 2013 | [14] |
63 | Serbia | 0.7 | 0.73% | 97.86 | 2013 | [14] |
64 | Iran | 0.7 | 0.12% | 9.08 | 2014 | [15] |
65 | Kazakhstan | 0.67 | 0.17% | 39.24 | 2013 | [6] |
66 | Estonia | 0.344 | 1.29% | 264.62 | 2017 | [16] |
67 | Filipina | 0.48 | 0.11% | 5.4 | 2007 | [6] |
68 | Peru | 0.4 | 0.12% | 12.94 | 2015 | [10][2][7] |
69 | Azerbaijan | 0.33 | 0.21% | 35.98 | 2013 | [6] |
70 | Latvia | 0.28 | 0.51% | 136.8 | 2017 | [14] |
71 | Uganda | 0.28 | 0.48% | 8.27 | 2010 | [6] |
72 | Costa Rica | 0.28 | 0.47% | 61.55 | 2011 | [6] |
73 | Islandia | 0.27 | 1.891% | 831.2 | 2014 | [5] |
74 | Mongolia | 0.26 | 0.17% | 73.66 | 2013 | [6] |
75 | Uruguay | 0.24 | 0.34% | 69.88 | 2015 | [6][2][7] |
76 | Sudan | 0.18 | 0.23% | 4.74 | 2007 | [10] |
77 | Algeria | 0.16 | 0.07% | 4.13 | 2007 | [10] |
78 | Siprus | 0.13 | 0.48% | 150.82 | 2013 | [14] |
79 | Macedonia | 0.12 | 0.44% | 55.99 | 2013 | [6] |
80 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.12 | 0.33% | 31.73 | 2013 | [6] |
81 | Malta | 0.11 | 0.85% | 270.78 | 2013 | [14] |
82 | Bolivia | 0.08 | 0.15% | 7.29 | 2012 | [2][7] |
83 | Botswana | 0.07 | 0.25% | 37.01 | 2012 | [6] |
84 | Oman | 0.07 | 0.23% | 25.40 | 2013 | [6] |
85 | Macau | 0.07 | 0.09% | 122.2 | 2014 | [5] |
86 | Moldova | 0.06 | 0.35% | 16.44 | 2013 | [6] |
87 | Bahrain | 0.06 | 0.100% | 45.2 | 2014 | [5] |
88 | Paraguay | 0.06 | 0.13% | 9.13 | 2015 | [2][7] |
89 | Georgia | 0.05 | 0.16% | 14.73 | 2014 | [6] |
90 | Montenegro | 0.03 | 0.38% | 55.75 | 2013 | [14] |
Lihat juga
Referensi
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