Daftar negara menurut anggaran penelitian dan pengembangan
artikel daftar Wikimedia
Berikut adalah daftar negara menurut anggaran penelitian dan pengembangan (litbang) secara riil dan sesuai data terbaru yang tersedia.
Daftar negara
Daftar ini hanya berisi negara-negara yang setiap tahunnya menganggarkan lebih dari 50 juta dolar untuk penelitian dan pengembangan. Dengan total anggaran nominal litbang global sekitar satu triliun dolar pada tahun 2010.[1]
Peringkat | Negara/daerah | Anggaran litbang (miliar US$, KKB), |
% dari PDB PPP | Anggaran litbang per kapita (US$ KKB), |
Tahun | Sumber |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amerika Serikat | 511,1 | 2,744% | 1.586,35 | 2016 | [2] |
2 | Tiongkok | 451,9 | 2,107% | 321,99 | 2016 | [2] |
3 | Jepang | 165,7 | 3,147% | 1.297,39 | 2016 | [2] |
4 | Jerman | 118,8 | 2,94% | 1.450,17 | 2016 | [2] |
5 | Korea Selatan | 91,6 | 4,292% | 1.518,47 | 2014 | [3] |
6 | India | 66,5 | 0,85% | 39,37 | 2015 | [4] |
7 | Prancis | 60,0 | 2,256% | 905,8 | 2014 | [5] |
8 | Britania Raya | 44,8 | 1,701% | 692,9 | 2014 | [5] |
9 | Rusia | 42,6 | 1,187% | 290,21 | 2014 | [3] |
10 | Brasil | 38,4 | 1,17% | 177,89 | 2012 | [2][6][7] |
11 | Taiwan | 33,7 | 3,1% | 1.383,84 | 2015 | [3][8] |
12 | Italia | 27,4 | 1,287% | 452,14 | 2014 | [3] |
13 | Kanada | 25,7 | 1,612% | 723,5 | 2014 | [5] |
14 | Australia | 23,3 | 2,12% | 986,86 | 2014 | [9] |
15 | Spanyol | 19,2 | 1,222% | 413,46 | 2014 | [3] |
16 | Belanda | 16,3 | 1,973% | 967,8 | 2014 | [5] |
17 | Turki | 15,3 | 1,007% | 198,36 | 2014 | [3] |
18 | Swedia | 14,2 | 3,161% | 1.468,1 | 2014 | [5] |
19 | Swiss | 13,1 | 2,967% | 1.647,90 | 2012 | [3] |
20 | Israel | 12,7 | 4,3% | 1.361,56 | 2015 | [3] |
21 | Belgia | 12,4 | 2,465% | 1.102,9 | 2014 | [5] |
22 | Austria | 11,9 | 3,1% | 1.416,14 | 2015 | [3] |
23 | Polandia | 11,6 | 0,935% | 301,06 | 2014 | [2][3][7] |
24 | Malaysia | 10,6 | 1,3% | 344,3 | 2015 | [6] |
25 | Singapura | 10,0 | 2,186% | 1.831,7 | 2014 | [5] |
26 | Meksiko | 9,0 | 0,941% | 237,57 | 2014 | [3] |
27 | Denmark | 8,2 | 3,085% | 1.450,2 | 2014 | [5] |
28 | Finlandia | 7,2 | 3,174% | 1.318,0 | 2014 | [5] |
29 | Chechnya | 6,3 | 1,997% | 600,04 | 2014 | [3] |
30 | Mesir | 6,2 | 0,68% | 73,18 | 2013 | [6] |
31 | Norwegia | 5,8 | 1,710% | 1.123,9 | 2014 | [5] |
32 | Argentina | 5,0 | 0,588% | 129,09 | 2013 | [2][3][7] |
33 | Afrika Selatan | 4,8 | 0,732% | 92,25 | 2012 | [3] |
34 | Uni Emirat Arab | 4,28 | 0,70% | 470,7 | 2014 | [5] |
35 | Irlandia | 3,6 | 1,519% | 779,4 | 2014 | [5] |
36 | Portugal | 3,6 | 1,285% | 347,84 | 2014 | [3] |
37 | Thailand | 3,6 | 0,39% | 52,67 | 2011 | [6] |
38 | Hongaria | 3,4 | 1,371% | 343,01 | 2014 | [3] |
39 | Ukraina | 3 | 0,76% | 73,7 | 2013 | [6] |
40 | Hong Kong | 2,7 | 0,73% | 373,09 | 2012 | [6] |
41 | Yunani | 2,4 | 1,007% | 216,72 | 2014 | [3][7][10] |
42 | Pakistan | 2,4 | 0,29% | 13,29 | 2013 | [6] |
43 | Indonesia | 2,0 | 0,08% | 8,09 | 2013 | [6] |
44 | Selandia Baru | 1,8 | 1,172% | 400,99 | 2013 | [3] |
45 | Arab Saudi | 1,8 | 0,25% | 60,01 | 2012 | [11][12] |
46 | Kolombia | 1,6 | 0,24% | 31 | 2014 | [2][6][7] |
47 | Chili | 1,54 | 0,38% | 87,39 | 2014 | [2][3][7] |
48 | Slovenia | 1,5 | 2,386% | 712,63 | 2014 | [3] |
49 | Maroko | 1,5 | 0,73% | 47,59 | 2010 | [6] |
50 | Rumania | 1,5 | 0,383% | 75,62 | 2014 | [3] |
51 | Slowakia | 1,4 | 0,886% | 250,55 | 2014 | [3] |
52 | Qatar | 1,3 | 0,47% | 698,50 | 2012 | [6] |
53 | Belarus | 1,12 | 0,67% | 118,44 | 2013 | [6] |
54 | Vietnam | 0,87 | 0,21% | 9,91 | 2011 | [13] |
55 | Kuwait | 0,83 | 0,30% | 214,16 | 2013 | [6] |
56 | Bulgaria | 0,81 | 0,65% | 112,15 | 2013 | [14] |
57 | Ekuador | 0,8 | 0,44% | 49,90 | 2016 | [2][7] |
58 | Etiopia | 0,79 | 0,61% | 9,08 | 2013 | [6] |
59 | Tunisia | 0,78 | 0,68% | 72,83 | 2012 | [6] |
60 | Lituania | 0,76 | 0,88% | 245,36 | 2017 | [14] |
61 | Luksemburg | 0,7 | 1,256% | 1.252,7 | 2014 | [5] |
62 | Kroasia | 0,7 | 0,81% | 166,75 | 2013 | [14] |
63 | Serbia | 0,7 | 0,73% | 97,86 | 2013 | [14] |
64 | Iran | 0,7 | 0,12% | 9,08 | 2014 | [15] |
65 | Kazakhstan | 0,67 | 0,17% | 39,24 | 2013 | [6] |
66 | Estonia | 0,344 | 1,29% | 264,62 | 2017 | [16] |
67 | Filipina | 0,48 | 0,11% | 5,4 | 2007 | [6] |
68 | Peru | 0,4 | 0,12% | 12,94 | 2015 | [2][7][10] |
69 | Azerbaijan | 0,33 | 0,21% | 35,98 | 2013 | [6] |
70 | Latvia | 0,28 | 0,51% | 136,8 | 2017 | [14] |
71 | Uganda | 0,28 | 0,48% | 8,27 | 2010 | [6] |
72 | Kosta Rika | 0,28 | 0,47% | 61,55 | 2011 | [6] |
73 | Islandia | 0,27 | 1,891% | 831,2 | 2014 | [5] |
74 | Mongolia | 0,26 | 0,17% | 73,66 | 2013 | [6] |
75 | Uruguay | 0,24 | 0,34% | 69,88 | 2015 | [2][6][7] |
76 | Sudan | 0,18 | 0,23% | 4,74 | 2007 | [10] |
77 | Aljazair | 0,16 | 0,07% | 4,13 | 2007 | [10] |
78 | Siprus | 0,13 | 0,48% | 150,82 | 2013 | [14] |
79 | Makedonia | 0,12 | 0,44% | 55,99 | 2013 | [6] |
80 | Bosnia dan Herzegovina | 0,12 | 0,33% | 31,73 | 2013 | [6] |
81 | Malta | 0,11 | 0,85% | 270,78 | 2013 | [14] |
82 | Bolivia | 0,08 | 0,15% | 7,29 | 2012 | [2][7] |
83 | Botswana | 0,07 | 0,25% | 37,01 | 2012 | [6] |
84 | Oman | 0,07 | 0,23% | 25,40 | 2013 | [6] |
85 | Makau | 0,07 | 0,09% | 122,2 | 2014 | [5] |
86 | Moldova | 0,06 | 0,35% | 16,44 | 2013 | [6] |
87 | Bahrain | 0,06 | 0,100% | 45,2 | 2014 | [5] |
88 | Paraguay | 0,06 | 0,13% | 9,13 | 2015 | [2][7] |
89 | Georgia | 0,05 | 0,16% | 14,73 | 2014 | [6] |
90 | Montenegro | 0,03 | 0,38% | 55,75 | 2013 | [14] |
Referensi
- ^ "- Royal Society" (PDF). royalsociety.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "How Much Does Your Country Invest in R&D?". UNESCO.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Research and development (R&D) - Gross domestic spending on R&D - OECD Data". data.oecd.org. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-10.
- ^ "2016 GLOBAL R&D FUNDING FORECAST" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) | Data". data.worldbank.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-02-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Science, technology and innovation". UNESCO.
- ^ Taiwan ranked 9th globally for R&D spending in 2015, The Central News Agency, 2017/07/19
- ^ "Australian Bureau of Statistics - GROSS EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)". www.abs.gov.au. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-10.
- ^ a b c d "UNESCO science report, 2010: the current status of science around the world; 2010" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2018-07-24.
- ^ "2012 Global R & D Funding Forecast: R & D Spending Growth Continues While Globalization Accelerates". 16 December 2011.
- ^ "Data" (PDF). www.natureasia.com.
- ^ vietnamnet.vn. "How much does Vietnam spend on R&D? - News VietNamNet". english.vietnamnet.vn. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "File:Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2003–13 (% of GDP) YB15.png - Statistics Explained". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "مصاحبه تفصیلی فارس با قائممقام معاون تحقیقات وزارت بهداشت/۱ رشد علمی کشور پارسال منفی شد/ تحقیقات پزشکی بدون بودجه درجا میزند". Farsnews.com. Diakses tanggal 2018-07-24.
- ^ "TD052: Research and development expenditures and their financing from state and local budgets". Eesti Statistkaamet. Diakses tanggal 2018-11-13.