Pengguna:NFarras/Proyek 3
Geografi
Extent and data
The borders of the Indian Ocean, as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization in 1953 included the Southern Ocean but not the marginal seas along the northern rim, but in 2000 the IHO delimited the Southern Ocean separately, which removed waters south of 60°S from the Indian Ocean but included the northern marginal seas. [1][2] Meridionally, the Indian Ocean is delimited from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific Ocean by the meridian of 146°49'E, running south from the southernmost point of Tasmania. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean (including marginal seas) is approximately 30° north in the Persian Gulf.[2]
The Indian Ocean covers 70.560.000 km2 (27.240.000 sq mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf but excluding the Southern Ocean, or 19.5% of the world's oceans; its volume is 264.000.000 km3 (63.000.000 cu mi) or 19.8% of the world's oceans' volume; it has an average depth of 3.741 m (12.274 ft) and a maximum depth of 7.906 m (25.938 ft).[3]
All of the Indian Ocean is in the Eastern Hemisphere and the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere, the 90th meridian east, passes through the Ninety East Ridge.
Coasts and shelves
In contrast to the Atlantic and Pacific, the Indian Ocean is enclosed by major landmasses and an archipelago on three sides and does not stretch from pole to pole, and can be likened to an embayed ocean. It is centered on the Indian Peninsula. Although this subcontinent has played a significant role in its history, the Indian Ocean has foremostly been a cosmopolitan stage, interlinking diverse regions by innovations, trade, and religion since early in human history.[4]
The active margins of the Indian Ocean have an average depth (land to shelf break) of 19 ± 061 km (12 ± 38 mi) with a maximum depth of 175 km (109 mi). The passive margins have an average depth of 476 ± 08 km (295,8 ± 5,0 mi).[5] The average width of the slopes of the continental shelves are 504–524 km (313–326 mi) for active and passive margins respectively, with a maximum depth of 2.053–2.552 km (1.276–1.586 mi).[6]
Australia, Indonesia, and India are the three countries with the longest shorelines and exclusive economic zones. The continental shelf makes up 15% of the Indian Ocean. More than two billion people live in countries bordering the Indian Ocean, compared to 1.7 billion for the Atlantic and 2.7 billion for the Pacific (some countries border more than one ocean).[7]
Rivers
The Indian Ocean drainage basin covers 21.100.000 km2 (8.100.000 sq mi), virtually identical to that of the Pacific Ocean and half that of the Atlantic basin, or 30% of its ocean surface (compared to 15% for the Pacific). The Indian Ocean drainage basin is divided into roughly 800 individual basins, half that of the Pacific, of which 50% are located in Asia, 30% in Africa, and 20% in Australasia. The rivers of the Indian Ocean are shorter in average (740 km (460 mi)) than those of the other major oceans. The largest rivers are (order 5) the Zambezi, Ganges-Brahmaputra, Indus, Jubba, and Murray rivers and (order 4) the Shatt al-Arab, Wadi Ad Dawasir (a dried-out river system on the Arabian Peninsula) and Limpopo rivers.[8]
Marginal seas
Marginal seas, gulfs, bays and straits of the Indian Ocean include:[2]
Along the east coast of Africa, the Mozambique Channel separates Madagascar from mainland Africa, while the Sea of Zanj is located north of Madagascar.
On the northern coast of the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden is connected to the Red Sea by the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. In the Gulf of Aden, the Gulf of Tadjoura is located in Djibouti and the Guardafui Channel separates Socotra island from the Horn of Africa. The northern end of the Red Sea terminates in the Gulf of Aqaba and Gulf of Suez. The Indian Ocean is artificially connected to the Mediterranean Sea without ship lock through the Suez Canal, which is accessible via the Red Sea. The Arabian Sea is connected to the Persian Gulf by the Gulf of Oman and the Strait of Hormuz. In the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Bahrain separates Qatar from the Arabic Peninsula.
Along the west coast of India, the Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Khambat are located in Gujarat in the northern end while the Laccadive Sea separates the Maldives from the southern tip of India. The Bay of Bengal is off the east coast of India. The Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait separates Sri Lanka from India, while the Adam's Bridge separates the two. The Andaman Sea is located between the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Islands.
In Indonesia, the so-called Indonesian Seaway is composed of the Malacca, Sunda and Torres Straits. The Gulf of Carpentaria of located on the Australian north coast while the Great Australian Bight constitutes a large part of its southern coast.[9][10][11]
- Arabian Sea - 3.862 million km2
- Bay of Bengal - 2.172 million km2
- Andaman Sea - 797,700 km2
- Laccadive Sea - 786,000 km2
- Mozambique Channel - 700,000 km2
- Timor Sea - 610,000 km2
- Red Sea - 438,000 km2
- Gulf of Aden - 410,000 km2
- Persian Gulf - 251,000 km2
- Flores Sea - 240,000 km2
- Molucca Sea - 200,000 km2
- Oman Sea - 181,000 km2
- Great Australian Bight - 45,926 km2
- Gulf of Aqaba - 239 km2
- Gulf of Khambhat
- Gulf of Kutch
- Gulf of Suez
- ^ IHO 1953
- ^ a b c IHO 2002
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaNOAA-volume - ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaPrange-2008-p1382 - ^ Harris et al. 2014, Table 2, p. 11
- ^ Harris et al. 2014, Table 3, p. 11
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaKeeIrv-2005 - ^ Vörösmarty et al. 2000, Drainage basin area of each ocean, pp. 609–616; Table 5, p 614; Reconciling Continental and Oceanic Perspectives, pp. 616–617
- ^ https://www.livescience.com/29533-the-worlds-biggest-oceans-and-seas.html
- ^ https://www.worldatlas.com/
- ^ http://listofseas.com/