Black Panther Party
Black Panther Party (BPP), awalnya disebut Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, adalah sebuah organisasi politik yang didirikan oleh Bobby Seale dan Huey Newton pada Oktober 1966.[1][2] Partai ini aktif di Amerika Serikat dari tahun 1966 hingga 1982, dan beberapa cabang juga beroperasi di Britania Raya pada awal era 1970-an[3] serta di Aljazair dari tahun 1969 hingga 1972.[4]
Black Panther Party | |
|---|---|
| Ketua umum | Huey Newton |
| Dibentuk | 1966 |
| Dibubarkan | 1982 |
| Ideologi |
|
| Posisi politik | Kiri jauh |
Pada hari kelahirannya tanggal 15 Oktober 1966,[5] kegiatan utama kelompok ini adalah patroli bersenjata untuk mengawasi perilaku petugas Departemen Kepolisian Oakland dan menentang kebrutalan polisi di kota tersebut. Pada tahun 1969, program sosial menjadi aktivitas utama anggota partai.[6] Salah satu di antaranya adalah program Free Breakfast for Children (Sarapan Gratis untuk Anak-anak).[7][8][9] Partai ini memiliki banyak anggota di kawasan Oakland-San Francisco, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle, dan Philadelphia.[10]
Direktur FBI J. Edgar Hoover menyebut partai ini sebagai "ancaman terbesar terhadap keamanan internal negara",[11][12][13] dan ia memimpin program kontraintelijen (COINTELPRO) yang melakukan pengawasan, infiltrasi, dan taktik-taktik lainnya untuk melemahkan kelompok ini. Program ini juga dituduh telah membunuh anggota-anggota partai.[14][15][16][17]
Sejarah partai ini bersifat kontroversial. Terdapat pengamat yang menganggap partai ini sebagai organisasi pergerakan hak kulit hitam yang paling berpengaruh pada era 1960-an,[18] tetapi ada pula yang mencap kelompok ini tidak lebih dari sekadar organisasi kriminal.[19]
Catatan kaki
- ^ Joseph, Peniel (2006). Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America. Henry Holt. hlm. 219.
- ^ Van Deburg, William L. (1992). New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975. University of Chicago Press. hlm. 155.
- ^ Brown, Mark (27 December 2013). "Britain's black power movement is at risk of being forgotten, say historians". The Guardian. Diakses tanggal 2 January 2017.
- ^ Meghelli, Samir (2009), ""From Harlem to Algiers: Transnational Solidarities Between the African American Freedom Movement and Algeria, 1962-1978"", dalam Marable, Manning, Black Routes to Islam, Palgrave Macmillan, hlm. 99–119.
- ^ "October 15, 1966: The Black Panther Party Is Founded". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-15.
- ^ Austin 2006; Bloom & Martin 2013; March 2010; Joseph 2006
- ^ Pearson 1994, hlm. 152
- ^ Bloom & Martin 2013, chapter 7
- ^ Nelson, Alondra (2011). Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination. University of Minnesota Press.
- ^ "Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities". Mapping American Social Movements.
- ^ "Hoover and the F.B.I." Luna Ray Films, LLC. PBS.org. Diakses tanggal January 24, 2013.
- ^ "Hoover Calls Panthers Top Threat to Security". The Washington Post. WP Company LLC d/b/a The Washington Post. 16 July 1969. Diakses tanggal 9 February 2017.
- ^ "Panthers 'threaten' U.S., Hoover says". Afro-American. Afro - American Company of Baltimore City. Jul 26, 1969. Diakses tanggal 9 February 2017.
- ^ Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate.
- ^ O'Reilly, Kenneth (1989). Racial Matters: The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972. Free Press.
- ^ Churchill and Vander Wall (2002). The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States. South End Press.
- ^ Haas, Jeffrey (2010). The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther. Chicago Review Press.
- ^ Bloom & Martin 2013, hlm. 3
- ^ Pearson 1994, hlm. 340
Bacaan lanjut
- Austin, Curtis J. (2006). Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 1-55728-827-5.
- Alkebulan, Paul (2007). Survival Pending Revolution: The History of the Black Panther Party. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
- Barker, Thomas (February 13, 2015). "Black and White: The Liberal Media and the Ideology of Black Victimhood". CounterPunch.
- Blackmon, Janiece L. (2008). I Am Because We Are: Africana Womanism as a Vehicle of Empowerment and Influence. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
- Bloom, Joshua; Martin, Waldo E. Jr. (2013). Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. University of California Press. hlm. 315. ISBN 9780520953543. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-16.
- Brown, Elaine (1993). A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story. Anchor. ISBN 0-679-41944-6.
- Churchill, Ward; Vander Wall, Jim (1988). Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret War Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement. South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-294-6.
- Dooley, Brian (1998). Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America. Pluto Press.
- Forbes, Flores A. (2006). Will You Die With Me? My Life and the Black Panther Party. Atria Books. ISBN 0-7434-8266-2.
- Hilliard, David; Cole, Lewis (1993). This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party. Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 0-316-36421-5.
- Lewis, John (1998). Walking with the Wind. Simon and Schuster. hlm. 353. ISBN 0-684-81065-4.
- Lazerow, Jama; Williams, Yohuru, ed. (2006). In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3890-1.
- Murch, Donna (2010). Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California. University of North Carolina. ISBN 978-0-8078-7113-3.
- Pearson, Hugh (1994). The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. De Capo Press. ISBN 0-201-48341-6.
- Rhodes, Jane (2007). Framing the Black Panthers: The Spectacular Rise of a Black Power Icon. New York: The New Press.
- Shames, Stephen (2006). "The Black Panthers". Aperture.
A photographic essay of the organization, allegedly suppressed due to Spiro Agnew's intervention in 1970.
- Swirski, Peter (2010). "1960s The Return of the Black Panther: Irving Wallace's The Man". Ars Americana Ars Politica. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's University Press. hlm. 26–56. ISBN 978-0-7735-3766-8. JSTOR j.ctt80bj0.
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