Daftar negara menurut anggaran penelitian dan pengembangan
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Berikut adalah daftar negara menurut anggaran penelitian dan pengembangan (litbang) secara riil dan sesuai data terbaru yang tersedia.
Daftar negara
Daftar ini hanya berisi negara-negara yang setiap tahunnya menganggarkan lebih dari 50 juta dolar untuk penelitian dan pengembangan. Dengan total anggaran nominal litbang global sekitar satu triliun dolar pada tahun 2010.[1]
Peringkat | Negara/daerah | Anggaran litbang (miliar US$, KKB), |
% dari PDB PPP | Anggaran litbang per kapita (US$ KKB), |
Tahun | Sumber |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amerika Serikat | 511,1 | 2,744% | 1.586,35 | 2016 | [2] |
2 | Tiongkok | 451,9 | 2,107% | 321,99 | 2016 | [2] |
3 | Jepang | 165,7 | 3,147% | 1.297,39 | 2016 | [2] |
4 | Jerman | 118,8 | 2,94% | 1.450,17 | 2016 | [2] |
5 | Korea Selatan | 91,6 | 4,292% | 1.518,47 | 2014 | [3] |
6 | India | 66,5 | 0,85% | 39,37 | 2015 | [4] |
7 | Prancis | 60,0 | 2,256% | 905,8 | 2014 | [5] |
8 | Britania Raya | 44,8 | 1,701% | 692,9 | 2014 | [5] |
9 | Rusia | 42,6 | 1,187% | 290,21 | 2014 | [3] |
10 | Brasil | 38,4 | 1,17% | 177,89 | 2012 | [2][6][7] |
11 | Taiwan | 33,7 | 3,1% | 1.383,84 | 2015 | [3][8] |
12 | Italia | 27,4 | 1,287% | 452,14 | 2014 | [3] |
13 | Kanada | 25,7 | 1,612% | 723,5 | 2014 | [5] |
14 | Australia | 23,3 | 2,12% | 986,86 | 2014 | [9] |
15 | Spanyol | 19,2 | 1,222% | 413,46 | 2014 | [3] |
16 | Belanda | 16,3 | 1,973% | 967,8 | 2014 | [5] |
17 | Turki | 15,3 | 1,007% | 198,36 | 2014 | [3] |
18 | Swedia | 14,2 | 3,161% | 1.468,1 | 2014 | [5] |
19 | Swiss | 13,1 | 2,967% | 1.647,90 | 2012 | [3] |
20 | Israel | 12,7 | 4,3% | 1.361,56 | 2015 | [3] |
21 | Belgia | 12,4 | 2,465% | 1.102,9 | 2014 | [5] |
22 | Austria | 11,9 | 3,1% | 1.416,14 | 2015 | [3] |
23 | Polandia | 11,6 | 0,935% | 301,06 | 2014 | [2][3][7] |
24 | Malaysia | 10,6 | 1,3% | 344,3 | 2015 | [6] |
25 | Singapura | 10,0 | 2,186% | 1.831,7 | 2014 | [5] |
26 | Meksiko | 9,0 | 0,941% | 237,57 | 2014 | [3] |
27 | Denmark | 8,2 | 3,085% | 1.450,2 | 2014 | [5] |
28 | Finlandia | 7,2 | 3,174% | 1.318,0 | 2014 | [5] |
29 | Chechnya | 6,3 | 1,997% | 600,04 | 2014 | [3] |
30 | Mesir | 6,2 | 0,68% | 73,18 | 2013 | [6] |
31 | Norwegia | 5,8 | 1,710% | 1.123,9 | 2014 | [5] |
32 | Argentina | 5,0 | 0,588% | 129,09 | 2013 | [2][3][7] |
33 | Afrika Selatan | 4,8 | 0,732% | 92,25 | 2012 | [3] |
34 | Uni Emirat Arab | 4,28 | 0,70% | 470,7 | 2014 | [5] |
35 | Irlandia | 3,6 | 1,519% | 779,4 | 2014 | [5] |
36 | Portugal | 3,6 | 1,285% | 347,84 | 2014 | [3] |
37 | Thailand | 3,6 | 0,39% | 52,67 | 2011 | [6] |
38 | Hongaria | 3,4 | 1,371% | 343,01 | 2014 | [3] |
39 | Ukraina | 3 | 0,76% | 73,7 | 2013 | [6] |
40 | Hong Kong | 2,7 | 0,73% | 373,09 | 2012 | [6] |
41 | Yunani | 2,4 | 1,007% | 216,72 | 2014 | [3][7][10] |
42 | Pakistan | 2,4 | 0,29% | 13,29 | 2013 | [6] |
43 | Indonesia | 2,0 | 0,08% | 8,09 | 2013 | [6] |
44 | Selandia Baru | 1,8 | 1,172% | 400,99 | 2013 | [3] |
45 | Arab Saudi | 1,8 | 0,25% | 60,01 | 2012 | [11][12] |
46 | Kolombia | 1,6 | 0,24% | 31 | 2014 | [2][6][7] |
47 | Chili | 1,54 | 0,38% | 87,39 | 2014 | [2][3][7] |
48 | Slovenia | 1,5 | 2,386% | 712,63 | 2014 | [3] |
49 | Maroko | 1,5 | 0,73% | 47,59 | 2010 | [6] |
50 | Rumania | 1,5 | 0,383% | 75,62 | 2014 | [3] |
51 | Slowakia | 1,4 | 0,886% | 250,55 | 2014 | [3] |
52 | Qatar | 1,3 | 0,47% | 698,50 | 2012 | [6] |
53 | Belarus | 1,12 | 0,67% | 118,44 | 2013 | [6] |
54 | Vietnam | 0,87 | 0,21% | 9,91 | 2011 | [13] |
55 | Kuwait | 0,83 | 0,30% | 214,16 | 2013 | [6] |
56 | Bulgaria | 0,81 | 0,65% | 112,15 | 2013 | [14] |
57 | Ekuador | 0,8 | 0,44% | 49,90 | 2016 | [2][7] |
58 | Etiopia | 0,79 | 0,61% | 9,08 | 2013 | [6] |
59 | Tunisia | 0,78 | 0,68% | 72,83 | 2012 | [6] |
60 | Lituania | 0,76 | 0,88% | 245,36 | 2017 | [14] |
61 | Luksemburg | 0,7 | 1,256% | 1.252,7 | 2014 | [5] |
62 | Kroasia | 0,7 | 0,81% | 166,75 | 2013 | [14] |
63 | Serbia | 0,7 | 0,73% | 97,86 | 2013 | [14] |
64 | Iran | 0,7 | 0,12% | 9,08 | 2014 | [15] |
65 | Kazakhstan | 0,67 | 0,17% | 39,24 | 2013 | [6] |
66 | Estonia | 0,344 | 1,29% | 264,62 | 2017 | [16] |
67 | Filipina | 0,48 | 0,11% | 5,4 | 2007 | [6] |
68 | Peru | 0,4 | 0,12% | 12,94 | 2015 | [2][7][10] |
69 | Azerbaijan | 0,33 | 0,21% | 35,98 | 2013 | [6] |
70 | Latvia | 0,28 | 0,51% | 136,8 | 2017 | [14] |
71 | Uganda | 0,28 | 0,48% | 8,27 | 2010 | [6] |
72 | Kosta Rika | 0,28 | 0,47% | 61,55 | 2011 | [6] |
73 | Islandia | 0,27 | 1,891% | 831,2 | 2014 | [5] |
74 | Mongolia | 0,26 | 0,17% | 73,66 | 2013 | [6] |
75 | Uruguay | 0,24 | 0,34% | 69,88 | 2015 | [2][6][7] |
76 | Sudan | 0,18 | 0,23% | 4,74 | 2007 | [10] |
77 | Aljazair | 0,16 | 0,07% | 4,13 | 2007 | [10] |
78 | Siprus | 0,13 | 0,48% | 150,82 | 2013 | [14] |
79 | Makedonia | 0,12 | 0,44% | 55,99 | 2013 | [6] |
80 | Bosnia dan Herzegovina | 0,12 | 0,33% | 31,73 | 2013 | [6] |
81 | Malta | 0,11 | 0,85% | 270,78 | 2013 | [14] |
82 | Bolivia | 0,08 | 0,15% | 7,29 | 2012 | [2][7] |
83 | Botswana | 0,07 | 0,25% | 37,01 | 2012 | [6] |
84 | Oman | 0,07 | 0,23% | 25,40 | 2013 | [6] |
85 | Makau | 0,07 | 0,09% | 122,2 | 2014 | [5] |
86 | Moldova | 0,06 | 0,35% | 16,44 | 2013 | [6] |
87 | Bahrain | 0,06 | 0,100% | 45,2 | 2014 | [5] |
88 | Paraguay | 0,06 | 0,13% | 9,13 | 2015 | [2][7] |
89 | Georgia | 0,05 | 0,16% | 14,73 | 2014 | [6] |
90 | Montenegro | 0,03 | 0,38% | 55,75 | 2013 | [14] |
Referensi
- ^ "- Royal Society" (PDF). royalsociety.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "How Much Does Your Country Invest in R&D?". UNESCO.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Research and development (R&D) - Gross domestic spending on R&D - OECD Data". data.oecd.org. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-10.
- ^ "2016 GLOBAL R&D FUNDING FORECAST" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-01-30. Diakses tanggal 2019-02-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) | Data". data.worldbank.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-02-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Science, technology and innovation". UNESCO.
- ^ Taiwan ranked 9th globally for R&D spending in 2015, The Central News Agency, 2017/07/19
- ^ "Australian Bureau of Statistics - GROSS EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)". www.abs.gov.au. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-10.
- ^ a b c d "UNESCO science report, 2010: the current status of science around the world; 2010" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2018-07-24.
- ^ "2012 Global R & D Funding Forecast: R & D Spending Growth Continues While Globalization Accelerates". 16 December 2011.
- ^ "Data" (PDF). www.natureasia.com.
- ^ vietnamnet.vn. "How much does Vietnam spend on R&D? - News VietNamNet". english.vietnamnet.vn. Diakses tanggal 2016-02-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "File:Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 2003–13 (% of GDP) YB15.png - Statistics Explained". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "مصاحبه تفصیلی فارس با قائممقام معاون تحقیقات وزارت بهداشت/۱ رشد علمی کشور پارسال منفی شد/ تحقیقات پزشکی بدون بودجه درجا میزند". Farsnews.com. Diakses tanggal 2018-07-24.
- ^ "TD052: Research and development expenditures and their financing from state and local budgets". Eesti Statistkaamet. Diakses tanggal 2018-11-13.