Ketelanjangan dan seksualitas

Ketelanjangan adalah salah satu karakteristik fisiologis manusia, sebagai satu-satunya primata yang berevolusi menjadi tidak berbulu sama sekali. Seksualitas manusia mencakup aspek fisiologis, psikologis, dan sosial dari perasaan dan perilaku seksual. Di banyak masyarakat, asosiasi yang kuat antara ketelanjangan dan seksualitas diterima begitu saja. Masyarakat lain mempertahankan praktik tradisional mereka untuk tetap telanjang sepenuhnya atau sebagian dalam situasi sosial maupun pribadi, seperti saat pergi ke pantai atau spa. Makna ketelanjangan dan seksualitas tetap ambivalen, sering menyebabkan kesalahpahaman budaya dan masalah psikologis.

Kaitan antara ketelanjangan dan respons seksual tercermin dalam larangan hukum terhadap paparan tidak senonoh di sebagian besar masyarakat.

Ada beberapa masyarakat dan budaya dimana ketelanjangan tetap diperbolehkan dalam beberapa kegiatan yang bersifat umum. Termasuk masyarakat yang mempertahankan norma-norma tradisional tentang ketelanjangan yang mencerminkan asal usul kemanusiaan. Serta masyarakat modern yang banyak mengadopsi naturisme dalam kegiatan rekreasi. Naturis biasanya mengadopsi sejumlah perilaku, seperti menahan diri untuk menyentuh, untuk menghindari respons seksual saat berpartisipasi dalam aktivitas telanjang, seperti dalam pantai telanjang.

Sumber-sumber

Buku

• Bancroft, John (2003). Sexual Development in Childhood. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34243-0. 
• Barcan, Ruth (2004a). Nudity: A Cultural Anatomy. Berg Publishers. ISBN 1859738729. 
• Bonner, Barbara L. (1999). "When does sexual play suggest a problem?". Dalam Dubowitz, Howard; Depanfilis, Diane. Handbook for Child Protection Practice. Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-1371-9. 
• Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (2014). Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. hlm. 449. ISBN 9781135825096. 
• Carr-Gomm, Philip (2010). A Brief History of Nakedness. London, UK: Reaktion Books, Limited. ISBN 978-1-86189-729-9. Diakses tanggal 2019-08-01. 
• Goldman, Leslie (2007). Locker Room Diaries : The Naked Truth about Women, Body Image, and Re-imagining the "Perfect" Body. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 9786612788604. 
• Gordon, Betty N.; Schroeder, Carolyn S. (1995). Sexuality: A Developmental Approach to Problems. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-45040-2. 
• Górnicka, Barbara (2016). "From Lewd to Nude: Becoming a Naturist". Nakedness, Shame, and Embarrassment. Figurationen. Schriften zur Zivilisations und Prozesstheorie. 12. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. 
• Higonnet, Anne (1998). Pictures of Innocence – The History and Crisis of Ideal Childhood. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28048-5. OL 705008M. 
• Jordan, Tim; Pile, Steve, ed. (2003). Social Change. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-23312-1. 
• Miles, Margaret R.; Lyon, Vanessa (2008). A Complex Delight: The Secularization of the Breast, 1350-1750. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520253483. 
• Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997). Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520918276. 
• Thomason, Krista K. (2018). Naked: The Dark Side of Shame and Moral Life. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190843274.003.0007. 
• Zurbriggen, Eileen L.; Collins, Rebecca L.; Lamb, Sharon; Roberts, Tomi-Ann; Tolman, Deborah L.; Ward, L. Monique; Blake, Jeanne (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls (PDF). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. OCLC 123130352. 

Jurnal

• Allen, Katherine R.; Gary, Emily A.; Lavender-Stott, Erin S.; Kaestle, Christine E. (2018). "'I Walked in on Them': Young Adults' Childhood Perceptions of Sex and Nudity in Family and Public Contexts". Journal of Family Issues. 39 (15): 3804–3831. doi:10.1177/0192513X18793923. 
• Allen, Louisa (2006). "'Looking at the Real Thing': Young Men, Pornography, and Sexuality Education". Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education. 27 (1): 69–83. doi:10.1080/01596300500510302. 
• Barcan, Ruth (2001). "The Moral Bath of Bodily Unconsciousness: Female Nudism, Bodily Exposure and the Gaze". Continuum. 15 (3): 303–317. doi:10.1080/10304310120086795. 
• Barcan, Ruth (2004b). "Regaining what Mankind has Lost through Civilisation: Early Nudism and Ambivalent Moderns". Fashion Theory. 8 (1): 63–82. doi:10.2752/136270404778051870. 
• Cover, Rob (2003-09-01). "The Naked Subject: Nudity, Context and Sexualization in Contemporary Culture". Body & Society. 9 (3): 53–72. doi:10.1177/1357034X030093004. ISSN 1357-034X. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-02. 
• Duits, Linda; van Zoonen, Liesbet (2011). "Coming to Terms with Sexualization". European Journal of Cultural Studies. 14 (5): 491–506. doi:10.1177/1367549411412201. 
• Eck, Beth A. (December 2001). "Nudity and Framing: Classifying Art, Pornography, Information, and Ambiguity". Sociological Forum. Springer. 16 (4): 603–632. doi:10.1023/A:1012862311849. JSTOR 684826. 
• Emmerink, Peggy M. J.; van den Eijnden1, Regina J. J. M.; Vanwesenbeeck, Ine; ter Bogt, Tom F. M. (2016). "The Relationship Between Endorsement of the Sexual Double Standard and Sexual Cognitions and Emotions". Sex Roles. New York. 75 (7–8): 363–76. doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0616-z. PMC 5023751 . PMID 27688527. 
• Frydendal, Stine; Thing, Lone Friis (2020). "A Shameful Affair? A Figurational Study of the Change Room and Showering Culture Connected to Physical Education in Danish Upper Secondary Schools". Sport, Education and Society. 25 (2): 161–72. doi:10.1080/13573322.2018.1564654. 
• Harper, Kyle (2012). "Porneia: The Making of a Christian Sexual Norm". Journal of Biblical Literature. 131 (2): 363–83. doi:10.2307/23488230. JSTOR 23488230. 
• Jensen, Robin (2004). "Topfreedom: A rhetorical analysis of the debate with a bust". Women and Language. Urbana. 27 (1): 68–69. 
• Jirasek, Ivo; Kohe, Geoffery Zain; Hurych, Emanuel (2013). "Reimagining Athletic Nudity: The Sexualization of Sport as a Sign of a 'Porno-Ization' of Culture". Sport in Society. 16 (6): 721–734. doi:10.1080/17430437.2012.753525 . 
• Lerum, Kari; Dworkin, Shari L. (2009). "'Bad Girls Rule': An Interdisciplinary Feminist Commentary on the Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls". The Journal of Sex Research. 46 (4): 250–263. doi:10.1080/00224490903079542. PMID 19657944. 
• Miller, Barry (2016). "On the Loss of Nudity in the Men's Locker Room". Psychological Perspectives. 59 (1): 93–108. doi:10.1080/00332925.2016.1134213. 
• Okami, Paul (1995). "Childhood exposure to parental nudity, parent‐child co‐sleeping, and "primal scenes": A review of clinical opinion and empirical evidence". Journal of Sex Research. 32 (1): 51–63. doi:10.1080/00224499509551774. ISSN 0022-4499. 
• Okami, Paul; Olmstead, Richard; Abramson, Paul R.; Pendleton, Laura (1998). "Early Childhood Exposure to Parental Nudity and Scenes of Parental Sexuality ('Primal Scenes'): An 18-Year Longitudinal Study of Outcome". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 27 (4): 361–384. doi:10.1023/A:1018736109563. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 9681119. 
• Prause, Nicole; Park, Jaymie; Leung, Shannon; Miller, Geoffrey (2015). "Women's Preferences for Penis Size: A New Research Method Using Selection among 3D Models". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0133079. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1033079P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133079 . PMC 4558040 . PMID 26332467. }}
• Shantz, Mary-Ann (2017). "'Nudists at Heart': Children's Nature and Child Psychology in the Postwar Canadian Nudist Movement". Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth. Baltimore: John Hopkin's University Press. 10 (2): 228–247. doi:10.1353/hcy.2017.0026. ProQuest 1901236165. 
• Shrum, Wesley; Kilburn, John (1996). "Ritual Disrobement at Mardi Gras: Ceremonial Exchange and Moral Order". Social Forces. 75 (2): 423–58. doi:10.2307/2580408. JSTOR 2580408. 
• Silver, Nina (1991). "The Shame of Being Naked". Off Our Backs. 21 (8): 6–7. JSTOR 20833713. 
• Smith, H. W. (1980-09-01). "A Modest Test of Cross-Cultural Differences in Sexual Modesty, Embarrassment and Self-Disclosure". Qualitative Sociology. 3 (3): 223–241. doi:10.1007/BF00987137. ISSN 1573-7837. 
• Smith, Glenn; King, Michael (June 2009). "Naturism and sexuality: Broadening our approach to sexual wellbeing". Health & Place. 15 (2): 439–446. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.08.002. PMID 18926761. 
• Uebel, Michael (2019). "Dirty Rotten Shame? The Value and Ethical Functions of Shame". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 59 (2): 232–51. doi:10.1177/0022167816631398. 
• Vance, Melissa R. (2005). "Breastfeeding Legislation in the United States: A General Overview and Implications for Helping Mothers". LEAVEN. 41 (3): 51–54. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 31 March 2007. 
• Weinberg, Martin S; Williams, Colin J. (2010). "Bare Bodies: Nudity, Gender, and the Looking Glass Body". Sociological Forum. 25 (1): 47–67. doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01156.x. 
• West, Keon (2018-03-01). "Naked and Unashamed: Investigations and Applications of the Effects of Naturist Activities on Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction". Journal of Happiness Studies. 19 (3): 677–697. doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9846-1 . ISSN 1573-7780. 
• Wolf, JH (2008). "Got milk? Not in public!". International Breastfeeding Journal. 3 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1746-4358-3-11. PMC 2518137 . PMID 18680578. 

Berita

• Grulovic, Tiyana (2014). "Simply the Breast". Flare Toronto. Vol. 36 no. 10 (Oct 2014). hlm. 70–71. 
• Andreatta, David (September 22, 2017). "When boys swam nude in gym class". Democrat and Chronicle. 
• Lis, Lea (May 5, 2019). "Eight Things to Know About Nudity and Your Family". Psychology Today. Diakses tanggal July 31, 2019. 
• Barber, Nigel (May 7, 2013). "Sexual Wiring of Women's Breasts". Psychology Today. 
• Senelick, Richard (3 February 2014). "Men, Manliness, and Being Naked Around Other Men". The Atlantic. 
• Sicha, Choire (December 3, 2015). "Men's Locker Room Designers Take Pity on Naked Millennials". The New York Times. 
• Smithers, Rebecca (21 December 1999). "Curtains for schools' communal showers". The Guardian. 
• Taylor, Zanthe (February 28, 2012). "The (Un-Erotic) Glories of Nudity". Psychology Today. 
• Zadrozny, Brandy (May 14, 2015). "Are These the World's Most Graphic Sex-Ed Videos?". The Daily Beast. 

Situs web

• Eng, Monica (September 10, 2017). "Baring It All: Why Boys Swam Naked In Chicago Schools". WBEZ. 
• Hadfield, James (December 10, 2016). "Last splash: Immodest Japanese tradition of mixed bathing may be on the verge of extinction". Japan Times. Diakses tanggal November 19, 2019. 
• Kincaid, James R. (31 January 2000). "Is this child pornography?". Salon.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 30 April 2007. Diakses tanggal 28 April 2007. 
• Markowitz, Eric (April 29, 2014). "Until Fairly Recently, The YMCA Actually Required Swimmers To Be Nude". Vocativ. 
• Steinbach, Paul (2017). "Designing Public Locker Rooms with an Eye on Privacy". Athletic Business. 
• Williams, Pete (August 19, 2019). "Women ask Supreme Court to toss topless ban: Why are rules different for men?". NBC News.