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Hubungan dengan orang-orang non-Slavia

Kekaisaran Bulgaria Pertama, orang-orang Bulgaria adalah suku prajurit semi-nomaden Turki yang menjadi Slavia pada abad ke-7 M

Sepanjang sejarah mereka, orang-orang Slavia berhubungan dengan kelompok-kelompok non-Slavia. Di wilayah tanah air yang didalilkan (kini Ukraina), mereka memiliki kontak dengan orang Sarmatia Iran dan suku Goth Jerman. Setelah penyebaran selanjutnya, orang-orang Slavia mulai mengasimilasi orang-orang non-Slavia. Misalnya, di Balkan, ada orang-orang Paleo-Balkan, seperti Illiria yang diromanisasi dan di-Hellenisasi (Garis Jireček), Thracia dan Dacia, serta Yunani dan Kelt Scordisci dan Serdi.^[1] Karena orang Slavia sangat banyak, sebagian besar penduduk asli Balkan adalah orang Slavia. Thracia dan Illiria bercampur sebagai kelompok etnis pada periode ini. Pengecualian penting adalah Yunani, di mana Slavia di-Hellenisasi karena orang Yunani lebih banyak, terutama dengan lebih banyak orang Yunani yang kembali ke Yunani pada abad ke-9 dan pengaruh gereja dan administrasi,^[2] namun, wilayah Slavia di Makedonia, Thrace, dan Moesia juga memiliki porsi penduduk lokal yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan Slavia yang bermigrasi.^[3] Pengecualian penting lainnya adalah wilayah Rumania dan Hongaria saat ini, di mana orang Slavia menetap dalam perjalanan ke Yunani, Makedonia Utara, Bulgaria, dan Thrace Timur saat ini tetapi berasimilasi, dan negara Albania modern yang mengklaim keturunan dari Illiria dan suku Balkan lainnya.

Status penguasa bangsa Bulgaria dan kontrol mereka atas tanah memberikan warisan nominal negara Bulgaria dan orang-orang ke generasi mendatang, tetapi Bulgaria secara bertahap juga termasuk Slavia dalam kelompok etnis Slavia Selatan saat ini yang dikenal sebagai Bulgaria. Penutur Roma di kota-kota Dalmatian yang dibentengi mempertahankan budaya dan bahasa mereka untuk waktu yang lama.^[4] Roman Dalmatian terus diucapkan sampai Abad Pertengahan yang tinggi, tetapi, mereka juga akhirnya berasimilasi ke dalam orang Slavia.

Di Eropa Tengah, bangsa Slavia Barat berbaur dengan bangsa Jermanik, bangsa Hongaria, dan Keltik, sedangkan di Eropa Timur, bangsa Slavia Timur bertemu dengan bangsa Finnik dan bangsa Skandinavia. Orang-orang Skandinavia dan Finnik terlibat dalam pembentukan awal negara Rus', tetapi sepenuhnya menjadi orang Slavia setelah satu abad. Beberapa suku Finnik di utara juga diserap ke dalam populasi Rus' yang berkembang.^[5] Pada abad ke-11 dan ke-12, serangan terus-menerus dilakukan oleh suku-suku nomaden Turki, seperti Kipchak dan Pecheneg, menyebabkan migrasi besar-besaran populasi Slavia Timur ke wilayah utara yang lebih aman dan berhutan lebat.^[6] Pada Abad Pertengahan, kelompok penambang bijih Saxon menetap di Bosnia, Serbia, dan Bulgaria abad pertengahan, di mana mereka menjadi Slavia.

Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards.^[7]^[8] In the 12th century, Slavic piracy in the Baltics increased. The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades. The pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrite tribes, Niklot, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160 Niklot was killed, and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia, invaders started germanization. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum.^[9] The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony.^[10] In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have historic Slavic paternal ancestry, as revealed in Y-DNA testing.^[11] Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.^[12]

Cossacks, although Slavic and practicing Orthodox Christianity, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including Tatars and other peoples. Initially, the Cossacks were a mini-subethnos, but now they are less than 5%, and most of them live in the south of Russia.^[13] The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs, who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population. The population of Moravian Wallachia also descended from the Vlachs. Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued towards Southeast Europe, attracted by the riches of the area that became the state of Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe and were assimilated into the Magyar people. Numerous river and other place names in Romania have Slavic origin.^[14]^{[butuh sumber yang lebih baik]}

^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, ISBN 0521227178, 1992, page 600: „In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long being supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin.“
^ Fine 1991, hlm. 41.
^ Florin Curta's An ironic smile: the Carpathian Mountains and the migration of the Slavs, Studia mediaevalia Europaea et orientalia. Miscellanea in honorem professoris emeriti Victor Spinei oblata, edited by George Bilavschi and Dan Aparaschivei, 47–72. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2018.
^ Fine 1991, hlm. 35.
^ Balanovsky & Rootsi 2008, hlm. 236—250.
^ Klyuchevsky, Vasily (1987). "1: Mysl". The course of the Russian history (dalam bahasa Rusia). ISBN 5-244-00072-1. Diakses tanggal 9 Oktober 2009.
^ Lewis (1994). "ch 1". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 April 2001.
^ Eigeland, Tor. 1976. "The golden caliphate". Saudi Aramco World, September/October 1976, pp. 12–16.
^ "Wend". Britannica.com. 13 September 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-05-07. Diakses tanggal 4 April 2014.
^ "Polabian language". Britannica.com. Diakses tanggal 4 April 2014.
^ "Contemporary paternal genetic landscape of Polish and German populations: from early medieval Slavic expansion to post-World War II resettlements". European Journal of Human Genetics. 21 (4): 415–22. 2013. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.190. PMC 3598329  . PMID 22968131.
^ "Y-chromosomal STR haplotype analysis reveals surname-associated strata in the East-German population". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (5): 577–582. 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201572  . PMID 16435000.
^ The number of Cossacks according to the 2010 census.
^ Alexandru Xenopol, Istoria românilor din Dacia Traiană, 1888, vol. I, p. 540

[1] The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, ISBN 0521227178, 1992, page 600: „In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long being supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin.“

[FOOTNOTEFine199141-2] Fine 1991, hlm. 41.

[3] Florin Curta's An ironic smile: the Carpathian Mountains and the migration of the Slavs, Studia mediaevalia Europaea et orientalia. Miscellanea in honorem professoris emeriti Victor Spinei oblata, edited by George Bilavschi and Dan Aparaschivei, 47–72. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2018.

[FOOTNOTEFine199135-4] Fine 1991, hlm. 35.

[FOOTNOTEBalanovskyRootsi2008236—250-5] Balanovsky & Rootsi 2008, hlm. 236—250.

[The_course_of_the_Russian_history2-6] Klyuchevsky, Vasily (1987). "1: Mysl". The course of the Russian history (dalam bahasa Rusia). ISBN 5-244-00072-1. Diakses tanggal 9 Oktober 2009.

[fordham2-7] Lewis (1994). "ch 1". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 April 2001.

[8] Eigeland, Tor. 1976. "The golden caliphate". Saudi Aramco World, September/October 1976, pp. 12–16.

[britannica2-9] "Wend". Britannica.com. 13 September 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-05-07. Diakses tanggal 4 April 2014.

[britannica42-10] "Polabian language". Britannica.com. Diakses tanggal 4 April 2014.

[11] "Contemporary paternal genetic landscape of Polish and German populations: from early medieval Slavic expansion to post-World War II resettlements". European Journal of Human Genetics. 21 (4): 415–22. 2013. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.190. PMC 3598329  . PMID 22968131.

[12] "Y-chromosomal STR haplotype analysis reveals surname-associated strata in the East-German population". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (5): 577–582. 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201572  . PMID 16435000.

[13] The number of Cossacks according to the 2010 census.

[alexandru2-14] Alexandru Xenopol, Istoria românilor din Dacia Traiană, 1888, vol. I, p. 540

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