Alfabet Yunani
Alfabet Yunani (bahasa Yunani Kuno: Ἑλληνῐκό ἀλφάβητος, translit. Hellenĭkó alfábetos; bahasa Yunani: Ελληνικό αλφάβητο, translit. Elli̱nikó alfávi̱to) adalah sebuah alfabet yang terdiri dari 24 huruf yang telah digunakan untuk menuliskan bahasa Yunani sejak akhir abad ke-9 SM atau awal abad ke-8 SM.[2] Alfabet Yunani merupakan alfabet tertua yang masih digunakan secara terus-menerus hingga sekarang. Huruf-huruf ini juga digunakan untuk mewakili angka Yunani sejak abad ke-2 SM.[3]
Alfabet Yunani | |
---|---|
Jenis aksara | Alfabet
|
Bahasa | Terutama bahasa Yunani, dengan modifikasi untuk menuliskan bahasa lainnya. |
Periode | sekitar 800 SM sampai sekarang[1] |
Arah penulisan | Kiri ke kanan |
Aksara terkait | |
Silsilah | Hieroglif Mesir
|
Aksara turunan | |
Aksara kerabat | |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Grek, 200 , Yunani |
Pengkodean Unicode | |
Nama Unicode | Greek |
U+0370–U+03FF Yunani dan Koptik, U+1F00–U+1FFF Yunani tambahan | |
Huruf
Di bawah ini adalah sebuah tabel yang menampilkan huruf-huruf Yunani, juga bentuknya ketika dijadikan huruf Romawi. Tabel ini juga menyediakan bentuk huruf Fenisia yang diambil oleh setiap huruf Yunani. Pengucapan dijelaskan dengan Alfabet Fonetis Internasional.
Perlu dicatat bahwa pengucapan klasik yang diberikan di bawah ini adalah pengucapan di Attika pada akhir abad ke-5 SM hingga awal abad ke-4 SM (sebelum Periode Helenistik yang dibawa oleh Aleksander Agung yang memopulerkan bahasa Yunani Koine).
Huruf utama
Huruf | Nama | Pengucapan | Huruf Fenisia yang berhubungan |
Transliterasi Latin |
Nilai angka | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yunani Koine |
Yunani Pertengahan (politonik) |
Yunani Modern |
Latin | Yunani Koine |
Yunani Modern |
Yunani Kuno |
Yunani Modern | |||
Α α | ἄλφα | άλφα | Alfa | [a] [aː] | [a] | Alef | a | 1 | ||
Β β ϐ (pengganti1) |
βῆτα | βήτα | Beta | [b] | [v] | Beth | b | v | 2 | |
Γ γ | γάμμα | γάμμα γάμα |
Gama | [g] | [ɣ~ʝ] | Gimel | g | gh, g, j | 3 | |
Δ δ | δέλτα | δέλτα | Delta | [d] | [ð] | Dalet | d | d, dh | 4 | |
Ε ε | εἶ | έ ψιλόν | έψιλον | Epsilon | [e] | He | e | 5 | ||
Ζ ζ | ζήτα | ζήτα | Zeta | [zd] ([[Zeta|atau [dz]?]]) kemudian [zː] |
[z] | Zayin | z | 7 | ||
Η η | ἦτα | ήτα | Eta | [ɛː] | [i] | Het | e, ē | i | 8 | |
Θ θ ϑ (pengganti) |
θῆτα | θήτα | Teta | [tʰ] | [θ] | Tet | th | 9 | ||
Ι ι | ἰῶτα | ιώτα γιώτα |
Iota | [i] [iː] | [i], [j] | Yodh | i | 10 | ||
Κ κ | κάππα | κάππα κάπα |
Kapa | [k] | [k~c] | Kaph | k | 20 | ||
Λ λ | λάβδα | λάμβδα | λάμδα λάμβδα |
Lambda | [l] | Lamedh | l | 30 | ||
Μ μ | μῦ | μι μυ |
Mu | [m] | Mem | m | 40 | |||
Ν ν | νῦ | νι νυ |
Nu | [n] | Nun | n | 50 | |||
Ξ ξ | ξεῖ | ξῖ | ξι | Ksi | [ks] | Samekh | x | x, ks | 60 | |
Ο ο | οὖ | ὂ μικρόν | όμικρον | Omikron | [o] | 'Ayin | o | 70 | ||
Π π | πεῖ | πῖ | πι | Pi | [p] | Pe | p | 80 | ||
Ρ ρ | ῥῶ | ρω | Ro | [r], [r̥] | [r] | Resh | r (ῥ: rh) | r | 100 | |
Σ σ ς (pengganti2) |
σῖγμα | σίγμα | Sigma | [s] | Syin | s | 200 | |||
Τ τ | ταῦ | ταυ | Tau | [t] | Taw | t | 300 | |||
Υ υ ϒ (pengganti) |
ὗ | ὓ ψιλόν | ύψιλον | Upsilon | [y] [yː] (awalnya [u] [uː]) |
[i] | Waw | u, y | y, v, f | 400 |
Φ φ ϕ (pengganti) |
φεῖ | φῖ | φι | Fi | [pʰ] | [f] | (diperdebatkan) | ph | f | 500 |
Χ χ | χεῖ | χῖ | χι | Khi | [kʰ] | [x~ç] | ch | ch, kh | 600 | |
Ψ ψ | ψεῖ | ψῖ | ψι | Psi | [ps] | ps | 700 | |||
Ω ω | ὦ | ὦ μέγα | ωμέγα | Omega | [ɔː] | [o] | 'Ayin | o, ō | o | 800 |
Huruf usang
Huruf | Huruf Fenisia yang berhubungan |
Nama | Transliterasi Latin |
Yunani Koine | Nilai angka | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | Yunani Kuno | Yunani Modern | |||||
Waw | Wau (Digama) | ϝαῦ | δίγαμμα | w | [w] | 6 | |
Stigma | – | στῖγμα | st | [st] | 6 | ||
Heth | Heta | ἧτα | ήτα | h | [h] | – | |
Tsade | San | ϻάν | σάν | s | [s] | – | |
Qof | Kopa | ϙόππα | κόππα | k | [k] | 90 | |
Tsade | Sampi | – | σαμπῖ | ss | [sː], [ks], [ts] | 900 |
Huruf | Huruf Fenisia yang berhubungan |
Nama | Transliterasi Latin |
Yunani Koine | Nilai angka |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | |||||
Syin | So | sh | [ʃː] | – |
^1 Hanya digunakan di tengah kata.
^2 Hanya digunakan di akhir kata.
Aksara turunan
Alfabet Yunani diturunkan menjadi aksara-aksara sebagai berikut:[4]
- Alfabet Italik Kuno: meliputi Alfabet Etruria, Alfabet Latin, dan Alfabet Rune
- Alfabet Gotik: pada abad ke-4 untuk menuliskan bahasa Gotik, juga sedikit menyerap huruf-huruf alfabet Latin;[5]
- Alfabet Glagol: pada abad ke-9 untuk menuliskan bahasa Slavonia Gerejawi Kuno;
- Alfabet Kiril: juga sedikit menyerap huruf-huruf alfabet Glagol.
- Alfabet Kubti: untuk menulis bahasa Kubti.
Alfabet Armenia dan Alfabet Georgia diduga dibuat berdasarkan model alfabet Yunani, tetapi huruf-hurufnya sangat berbeda.[6]
Unicode
Greek and Coptic[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+037x | Ͱ | ͱ | Ͳ | ͳ | ʹ | ͵ | Ͷ | ͷ | ͺ | ͻ | ͼ | ͽ | ; | Ϳ | ||
U+038x | ΄ | ΅ | Ά | · | Έ | Ή | Ί | Ό | Ύ | Ώ | ||||||
U+039x | ΐ | Α | Β | Γ | Δ | Ε | Ζ | Η | Θ | Ι | Κ | Λ | Μ | Ν | Ξ | Ο |
U+03Ax | Π | Ρ | Σ | Τ | Υ | Φ | Χ | Ψ | Ω | Ϊ | Ϋ | ά | έ | ή | ί | |
U+03Bx | ΰ | α | β | γ | δ | ε | ζ | η | θ | ι | κ | λ | μ | ν | ξ | ο |
U+03Cx | π | ρ | ς | σ | τ | υ | φ | χ | ψ | ω | ϊ | ϋ | ό | ύ | ώ | Ϗ |
U+03Dx | ϐ | ϑ | ϒ | ϓ | ϔ | ϕ | ϖ | ϗ | Ϙ | ϙ | Ϛ | ϛ | Ϝ | ϝ | Ϟ | ϟ |
U+03Ex | Ϡ | ϡ | Ϣ | ϣ | Ϥ | ϥ | Ϧ | ϧ | Ϩ | ϩ | Ϫ | ϫ | Ϭ | ϭ | Ϯ | ϯ |
U+03Fx | ϰ | ϱ | ϲ | ϳ | ϴ | ϵ | ϶ | Ϸ | ϸ | Ϲ | Ϻ | ϻ | ϼ | Ͻ | Ͼ | Ͽ |
Catatan |
Greek Extended[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+1F0x | ἀ | ἁ | ἂ | ἃ | ἄ | ἅ | ἆ | ἇ | Ἀ | Ἁ | Ἂ | Ἃ | Ἄ | Ἅ | Ἆ | Ἇ |
U+1F1x | ἐ | ἑ | ἒ | ἓ | ἔ | ἕ | Ἐ | Ἑ | Ἒ | Ἓ | Ἔ | Ἕ | ||||
U+1F2x | ἠ | ἡ | ἢ | ἣ | ἤ | ἥ | ἦ | ἧ | Ἠ | Ἡ | Ἢ | Ἣ | Ἤ | Ἥ | Ἦ | Ἧ |
U+1F3x | ἰ | ἱ | ἲ | ἳ | ἴ | ἵ | ἶ | ἷ | Ἰ | Ἱ | Ἲ | Ἳ | Ἴ | Ἵ | Ἶ | Ἷ |
U+1F4x | ὀ | ὁ | ὂ | ὃ | ὄ | ὅ | Ὀ | Ὁ | Ὂ | Ὃ | Ὄ | Ὅ | ||||
U+1F5x | ὐ | ὑ | ὒ | ὓ | ὔ | ὕ | ὖ | ὗ | Ὑ | Ὓ | Ὕ | Ὗ | ||||
U+1F6x | ὠ | ὡ | ὢ | ὣ | ὤ | ὥ | ὦ | ὧ | Ὠ | Ὡ | Ὢ | Ὣ | Ὤ | Ὥ | Ὦ | Ὧ |
U+1F7x | ὰ | ά | ὲ | έ | ὴ | ή | ὶ | ί | ὸ | ό | ὺ | ύ | ὼ | ώ | ||
U+1F8x | ᾀ | ᾁ | ᾂ | ᾃ | ᾄ | ᾅ | ᾆ | ᾇ | ᾈ | ᾉ | ᾊ | ᾋ | ᾌ | ᾍ | ᾎ | ᾏ |
U+1F9x | ᾐ | ᾑ | ᾒ | ᾓ | ᾔ | ᾕ | ᾖ | ᾗ | ᾘ | ᾙ | ᾚ | ᾛ | ᾜ | ᾝ | ᾞ | ᾟ |
U+1FAx | ᾠ | ᾡ | ᾢ | ᾣ | ᾤ | ᾥ | ᾦ | ᾧ | ᾨ | ᾩ | ᾪ | ᾫ | ᾬ | ᾭ | ᾮ | ᾯ |
U+1FBx | ᾰ | ᾱ | ᾲ | ᾳ | ᾴ | ᾶ | ᾷ | Ᾰ | Ᾱ | Ὰ | Ά | ᾼ | ᾽ | ι | ᾿ | |
U+1FCx | ῀ | ῁ | ῂ | ῃ | ῄ | ῆ | ῇ | Ὲ | Έ | Ὴ | Ή | ῌ | ῍ | ῎ | ῏ | |
U+1FDx | ῐ | ῑ | ῒ | ΐ | ῖ | ῗ | Ῐ | Ῑ | Ὶ | Ί | ῝ | ῞ | ῟ | |||
U+1FEx | ῠ | ῡ | ῢ | ΰ | ῤ | ῥ | ῦ | ῧ | Ῠ | Ῡ | Ὺ | Ύ | Ῥ | ῭ | ΅ | ` |
U+1FFx | ῲ | ῳ | ῴ | ῶ | ῷ | Ὸ | Ό | Ὼ | Ώ | ῼ | ´ | ῾ | ||||
Catatan |
Referensi
Catatan kaki
- ^ Pierre Swiggers, Transmission of the Phoenician Script to the West, in Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems, 1996
- ^ The date of the earliest inscribed objects; A.W. Johnston, "The alphabet", in N. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis, eds, Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 2003:263-76, summarizes the present scholarship on the dating.
- ^ Cook 1987, hlm. 9.
- ^ Coulmas 1996.
- ^ Murdoch 2004, hlm. 156
- ^ George L. Campbell, Christopher Moseley, The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets, pp. 51ff, 96ff
Daftar pustaka
- Adams, Douglas Q. (1987). Essential Modern Greek Grammar. New York City, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25133-2.
- Cook, B. F. (1987). Greek inscriptions. University of California Press/British Museum.
- Coulmas, Florian (1996). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-0-631-21481-6.
- Daniels, Peter T; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press.
- Dickey, Eleanor (2007). Ancient Greek Scholarship: A Guide to Finding, Reading, and Understanding Scholia, Commentaries, Lexica, and Grammatical Treatises, from Their Beginnings to the Byzantine Period . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. hlm. 93. ISBN 978-0-19-531293-5.
Aristophanes of Byzantium Greek diacritics.
- Elsie, Robert (1991). "Albanian Literature in Greek Script: the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Orthodox Tradition in Albanian Writing" (PDF). Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 15 (20): 20–35. doi:10.1179/byz.1991.15.1.20. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2020-04-28. Diakses tanggal 2011-10-30.
- Groton, Anne H. (2013). From Alpha to Omega: A Beginning Course in Classical Greek. Indianapolis, Indiana: Focus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58510-473-4.
- Hinge, George (2001). Die Sprache Alkmans: Textgeschichte und Sprachgeschichte (Tesis Ph.D.). University of Aarhus.
- Jeffery, Lilian H. (1961). The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece: A Study of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and Its Development from the Eighth to the Fifth Centuries B. C. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
- Keller, Andrew; Russell, Stephanie (2012). Learn to Read Greek, Part 1. New Haven, Connecticut and London, England: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11589-5.
- Holton, David; Mackridge, Peter; Philippaki-Warburton, Irini (1998). Grammatiki tis ellinikis glossas. Athens: Pataki.
- Horrocks, Geoffrey (2006). Ellinika: istoria tis glossas kai ton omiliton tis. Athens: Estia. [Greek translation of Greek: a history of the language and its speakers, London 1997]
- Horrocks, Geoffrey (2010). "The Greek Alphabet". Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers (edisi ke-2nd). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-3415-6.
- Johnston, A. W. (2003). "The alphabet". Dalam Stampolidis, N.; Karageorghis, V. Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva: Interconnections in the Mediterranean 16th – 6th c. B.C. Athens: Museum of Cycladic Art. hlm. 263–276.
- Kristophson, Jürgen (1974). "Das Lexicon Tetraglosson des Daniil Moschopolitis". Zeitschrift für Balkanologie. 10: 4–128.
- Liddell, Henry G; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon.
- Macrakis, Stavros M (1996). "Character codes for Greek: Problems and modern solutions". Dalam Macrakis, Michael. Greek letters: from tablets to pixels. Newcastle: Oak Knoll Press. hlm. 265.
- Mastronarde, Donald J. (2013). Introduction to Attic Greek (edisi ke-Second). Berkeley, California, Los Angeles, California, and London, England: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-27571-3.
- Mazon, André; Vaillant, André (1938). L'Evangéliaire de Kulakia, un parler slave de Bas-Vardar. Bibliothèque d'études balkaniques. 6. Paris: Librairie Droz. – selections from the Gospels in Macedonian.
- Miletich, L. (1920). "Dva bŭlgarski ru̐kopisa s grŭtsko pismo". Bŭlgarski Starini. 6.
- Murdoch, Brian (2004). "Gothic". Dalam Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm. Early Germanic literature and culture . Woodbridge: Camden House. hlm. 149–170. ISBN 9781571131997.
- Panayotou, A. (12 February 2007). "Ionic and Attic". A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 405–416. ISBN 978-0-521-83307-3.
- Peyfuss, Max Demeter (1989). Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731–1769: Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung in Erzbistum Achrida. Wiener Archiv für Geschichte des Slawentums und Osteuropas. 13. Böhlau Verlag.
- Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1997). "New Findings in Ancient Afghanistan – the Bactrian documents discovered from the Northern Hindu-Kush". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-06-10.
- Swiggers, Pierre (1996). "Transmission of the Phoenician Script to the West". Dalam Daniels; Bright. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford: University Press. hlm. 261–270.
- Stevenson, Jane (2007). "Translation and the spread of the Greek and Latin alphabets in Late Antiquity". Dalam Harald Kittel; et al. Translation: an international encyclopedia of translation studies. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter. hlm. 1157–1159.
- Threatte, Leslie (1980). The Grammar of Attic Inscriptions. I: Phonology. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-007344-7.
- Thompson, Edward M (1912). An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography. Oxford: Clarendon.
- Verbrugghe, Gerald P. (1999), "Transliteration or Transcription of Greek", The Classical World, 92 (6): 499–511, doi:10.2307/4352343, JSTOR 4352343
- Voutiras, E. (2007). "The Introduction of the Alphabet". Dalam Christidis, Anastasios-Phoivos. A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 266–276. ISBN 978-0-521-83307-3.
- Winterer, Caroline (2010), "Fraternities and sororities", dalam Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore, The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0
- Woodard, Roger D. (2010), "Phoinikeia Grammata: An Alphabet for the Greek Language", dalam Bakker, Egbert J., A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language, Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-118-78291-0
- Woodard, Roger D. (2008). "Attic Greek". Dalam Woodard, Roger D. The ancient languages of Europe . Cambridge: University Press. hlm. 14–49. ISBN 9780521684958.