Peningkatan keasaman air laut

Peningkatan keasaman air laut adalah peristiwa berkurangnya pH lautan yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan karbon dioksida dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat). Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan. Untuk mempertahankan kesetimbangan kimia, sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk asam karbonat. Sebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion bikarbonat dan ion hydronium, sehingga meningkatkan keasaman laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14, yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hydronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.

Perkiraan perubahan pH air laut yang disebabkan oleh karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan manusia, sejak tahun 1700-an sampai 1990-an. Data dari Global Ocean Data Analysis Project dan World Ocean Atlas.

Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme cumi-cumi jumbo (Dosidicus gigas), penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru, dan pemutihan koral.

Reaksi kimia

CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) CO₂ (aq) + H₂O (l) H₂CO₃ (aq) HCO₃⁻ (aq) + H⁺ (aq) CO₃²⁻ (aq) + 2 H⁺ (aq)

Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti koral untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis plankton. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam. Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada rantai makanan yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan. Sebanyak 105 akademi ilmu pengetahuan telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.

Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam sejarah bumi, seperti peristiwa Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.

Lihat pula

• Pompa biologis
• Gas rumah kaca
• Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
• Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
• Dampak lingkungan dari industri batu bara

Referensi

• Clarke, L.; et al. (July 2007). "Scenarios of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations. Sub-report 2.1A of Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.1 by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research". Washington, DC., USA: Department of Energy, Office of Biological & Environmental Research. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-06-30. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01 Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (link)
• Good, P.; et al. (2010). "An updated review of developments in climate science research since IPCC AR4. A report by the AVOID consortium" (PDF). London, UK: Committee on Climate Change. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2018-09-24. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01 Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (link) . Report website.
• UK Royal Society (September 2009). "Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty" (PDF). London: UK Royal Society. ISBN 978-0-85403-773-5 , RS Policy document 10/09. Report website.
• UNEP (November 2010). "The Emissions Gap Report: Are the Copenhagen Accord pledges sufficient to limit global warming to 2°C or 1.5°C? A preliminary assessment". Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). ISBN 978-92-807-3134-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-01-24. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01 
• US NRC (2011). America's Climate Choices. A report by the Committee on America's Climate Choices, US National Research Council (US NRC). Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-14585-5 
• WBGU (2006). Special Report: The Future Oceans – Warming Up, Rising High, Turning Sour (PDF). Berlin, Germany: WBGU. ISBN 3-936191-14-X. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-09-19. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01 .
• Report website.

Bahan bacaan terkait

• Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) (2008). Position analysis: CO₂ emissions and climate change: Ocean impacts and adaptation issues. ISSN: 1835–7911. Hobart, Tasmania.
• Cicerone, R. (2004). "The Ocean in a High CO₂ World" (PDF). Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. American Geophysical Union. 85 (37): 351–353. Bibcode:2004EOSTr..85R.351C. doi:10.1029/2004EO370007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-03-05. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01. 
• Doney, S. C. (2006). "The Dangers of Ocean Acidification". Scientific American. 294 (3): 58–65. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0306-58. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 16502612. , (Article preview only).
• Feely, R. A. (2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO₂ on the CaCO₃ System in the Oceans". Science. 305 (5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664. 
• Harrould-Kolieb, E.; Savitz, J. (2008). "Acid Test: Can We Save Our Oceans From CO₂?". Oceana. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-10-09. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01. 
• Henderson, Caspar (2006-08-05). "Ocean acidification: the other CO₂ problem". NewScientist.com news service. 
• Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220. 
• Kim, Rakhyun E. (2012). "Is a New Multilateral Environmental Agreement on Ocean Acidification Necessary?" (PDF). Review of European Community & International Environmental Law. 21 (3): 243–258. doi:10.1111/reel.12000.x. 
• Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research Diarsipkan 2011-07-20 di Wayback Machine., report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by National Science Foundation, NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survei, 88pp.
• Kolbert, E. (2006-11-20). "The Darkening Sea: Carbon emissions and the ocean". The New Yorker. 
• Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting, 260 p. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
• Sabine, C. L. (2004). "The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO₂". Science. 305 (5682): 367–371. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..367S. doi:10.1126/science.1097403. PMID 15256665. 
• Stone, R. (2007). "A World Without Corals?". Science. 316 (5825): 678–681. doi:10.1126/science.316.5825.678. PMID 17478692. 

Pranala luar

• How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out Scientific American August 9, 2010 by Marah J. Hardt and Carl Safina
• Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, report by the Royal Society (UK)
• AR4 WG1 Chapter 5: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level Diarsipkan 2017-05-13 di Wayback Machine., IPCC
• State of the Science FACT SHEET: Ocean acidification Diarsipkan 2011-07-15 di Wayback Machine., NOAA
• Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Diarsipkan 2011-08-14 di Wayback Machine. (CDIAC), the primary data analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
• Ocean acidification introduction Diarsipkan 2011-07-22 di Wayback Machine., USGS
• Climate change threatening the Southern Ocean Diarsipkan 2009-12-31 di Wayback Machine., report by CSIRO
• The Ocean in a High CO₂ World, an international science symposium series
• The Acid Ocean – the Other Problem with CO₂ Emission, David Archer (scientist), a RealClimate discussion
• Regularly updated "blog" of ocean acidification publications and news, Jean-Pierre Gattuso
• Task Force on Ocean Acidification in the Pacific Diarsipkan 2007-06-07 di Wayback Machine., including recent presentations on ocean acidification, Pacific Science Association
• Ocean Acidification Diarsipkan 2011-07-24 di Wayback Machine., a multimedia, interactive site from The World Ocean Observatory
• Acidic Oceans: Why should we care? Perspectives in ocean science, Andrew Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
• Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge Diarsipkan 2010-06-14 di Wayback Machine. A video presentation by Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs
• Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction April 30, 2012
• Ocean acidification virtual lab Diarsipkan 2013-10-07 di Wayback Machine.
• Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science Diarsipkan 2013-12-03 di Wayback Machine., a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the United States National Research Council (released April 2011)
• Ocean Acidification Diarsipkan 2013-02-24 di Wayback Machine., a United States National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Council website that includes downloadable figures and interviews with ocean scientists
• Ancient Ocean Acidification Intimates Long Recovery from Climate Change, July 22, 2010
• Acidification alters fish behavior: higher carbon dioxide in oceans may affect brain chemistry February 25, 2012 Science News
• Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification. Diarsipkan 2013-10-10 di Wayback Machine. IMBER/SOLAS
• Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team Diarsipkan 2013-10-10 di Wayback Machine.
• Dr. Francisco Chavez on Ocean Acidification – Smithsonian Ocean Portal
• European Project of Ocean Acidification (EPOCA), a 4-year-long EU initiative to investigate ocean acidification (initiated June 2008)
• Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification (BIOACID), a German initiative funded by BMBF
• Ocean Acidification Research Programme (UKOARP), a 5-year-long UK initiative funded by NERC, Defra and DECC
• Research Program on Ocean Acidification Diarsipkan 2011-07-19 di Wayback Machine. at the Cluster of Excellence "Future Ocean", Kiel
• Ocean Acidification Research Center Diarsipkan 2011-07-19 di Wayback Machine. at University of Alaska Fairbanks
• Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, May 10, 2007
• The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Ocean Acidification: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, April 22, 2010
• Ocean Acidification Congressional Research Service
• Threatening Oceans from the Inside Out: How Acidification Affects Marine Life, Scientific American
• "The Darkening Sea, article in The New Yorker magazine, Nov. 20, 2006 (requires registration)
• "Growing Acidity of Oceans May Kill Corals", Washington Post
• "Scientists Grapple with Ocean Acidification", ABC News
• "Ocean Acidification & Climate", by Clayton Sandell ABC News
• A World Without Whales? by Philippe Cousteau, The Huffington Post
• http://www.oceana.org/climate/solutions/oceana/acidtest/ Diarsipkan 2009-09-25 di Wayback Machine., Oceana
• The Acid Ocean Diarsipkan 2011-06-04 di Wayback Machine., Stanford University
• Sea Change (Parts One, Two, and Three), The Seattle Times
• The Other CO₂ Problem, an EPOCA-commissioned educational animation created by students from Ridgeway School, Plymouth
• Acid Test: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification, by Natural Resources Defense Council
• A Sea Change: Imagine a world without fish Diarsipkan 2008-06-09 di Wayback Machine., an award-winning documentary and related blog about ocean acidification
• Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell Diarsipkan 2011-01-14 di Wayback Machine., by Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand
• Ocean Acidification: An Ecosystem Facing Dissolution by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
• CO2SYS Diarsipkan 2011-10-14 di Wayback Machine., a stand-alone executable (also available in a version for Microsoft Excel/VBA)
• seacarb Diarsipkan 2008-08-21 di Wayback Machine., a R package for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux (also available here)
• CSYS, a Matlab script