Demokrasi Islam

Demokrasi Islam adalah ideologi politik yang berusaha menerapkan prinsip-prinsip Islam ke dalam kebijakan publik dalam kerangka demokrasi. Teori politik Islam menyebutkan tiga ciri dasar demokrasi Islam: pemimpin harus dipilih oleh rakyat, tunduk pada syariah, dan berkomitmen untuk mempraktekkan "syura", sebuah bentuk konsultasi khusus yang dilakukan oleh Nabi Muhammad SAW yang dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai hadits dengan komunitas mereka.^[1] Negara-negara yang memenuhi tiga ciri dasar tersebut antara lain Iran dan Malaysia. Afghanistan, Arab Saudi, Qatar, dan Uni Emirat Arab adalah contoh negara yang tidak menganut prinsip demokrasi Islam meski negara-negara Islam, karena negara-negara ini tidak mengadakan pemilihan. Pelaksanaan demokrasi Islam berbeda di negara-negara mayoritas muslim, karena interpretasi syariah berbeda-beda dari satu negara ke negara lain, dan penggunaan syariah lebih komprehensif di negara-negara di mana syariah menjadi dasar bagi undang-undang negara.

Konsep liberalisme dan partisipasi demokratis sudah ada di dunia Islam abad pertengahan.^[2]^[3]^[4] Kekhalifahan Rasyidin dianggap oleh para pendukungnya sebagai contoh awal sebuah negara demokratis dan diklaim bahwa perkembangan demokrasi di dunia Islam akhirnya terhenti setelah perpecahan Sunni–Syiah.^[5]

Partai dan Organisasi Demokratis Islam

Berikut ini adalah daftar partai dan organisasi yang bertujuan untuk menerapkan syariat atau negara Islam, atau menganut identitas politik muslim, atau dengan cara lain memenuhi definisi politik Islam, aktivis Islam, atau Islamisme yang dijelaskan dalam artikel ini; atau telah banyak dideskripsikan oleh orang lain.

Negara atau jangkauan	Gerakan
Internasional	Hizbut Tahrir Ikhwanul Muslimin
Bahrain	Al Wifaq (Syiah) Al Minbar (Sunni)^[6]
Bangladesh	Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh^[7]^[8]
Mesir	Partai Kebebasan dan Keadilan Ikhwanul Muslimin di Mesir Partai Al-Nur Partai Al-Wasath^[9]
Finlandia	Partai Islam Finlandia
India	Jamaat-e-Islami India Liga Persatuan Muslim India Liga Nasional India Konferensi Hurriyat AIUDF AIMIM
Indonesia	Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa Partai Amanat Nasional Partai Persatuan Pembangunan Partai Keadilan Sejahtera
Iran	Aliansi Pembangunan Islam Iran Front Partisipasi Islam Iran
Iraq	Koalisi Negara Hukum Aliansi Nasional Iraq
Yordania	Front Aksi Islam^[12]
Kuwait	Hadas
Lebanon	Hezbollah (Syiah) Al-Jama'ah Al-Islamiyah (Sunni)^[13]
Libya	Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan^[14]^[15] Partai Tanah Air^[16]^[17]^[18] Aliansi Angkatan Bersenjata Nasional^[19]^[20]
Malaysia	Partai Islam Se-Malaysia^[21] Organisasi Nasional Melayu Bersatu^[22]^[23]
Maladewa	Partai Demokratis Islam Partai Adhaalath
Maroko	Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan^[24]^[25]
Pakistan	Jamaat-e-Islami Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Tehreek-e-Insaf Pakistan^[26]^[27]
Palestina	Hamas^[28] ^[29] Jihad Islam Palestina
Filipina	Lakas-CMD Front Pembebasan Islam Moro Partai Keadilan Bangsamoro Bersatu
Rwanda	Partai Demokratis Islam
Sudan	Partai Umat Nasional
Somalia	Partai Perdamaian dan Pembangunan
Suriah	Ikhwanul Muslimin di Suriah^[30]^[31]^[32]
Tajikistan	Partai Kebangkitan Islam Tajikistan^[33]
Turki	Partai Bahagia Partai Penyeru Kebebasan Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan^[34]
Yaman	Al-Islah (Sunni) Hutsi (Syiah)

Rujukan

^ Ghadbian, Najib (July 6, 2003). "Democracy or Self-Interest?". Harvard International Review. Diakses tanggal 2011-10-19. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
^ Weeramantry, Christopher G. (1997). Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. hlm. 134–5. ISBN 90-411-0241-8.
^ Sullivan, Antony T. (January–February 1997). "Istanbul Conference Traces Islamic Roots of Western Law, Society". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: 36. Diakses tanggal 2008-02-29.
^ Goodman, Lenn Evan (2003). Islamic Humanism. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 155. ISBN 0-19-513580-6.
^ al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (1998–1999). "Islamic and American Constitutional Law: Borrowing Possibilities or a History of Borrowing". University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law. 1 (3): 492–527 [507–25].
^ Guide to Bahrain's politics – 4 Sep 2008. Ambassador Ereli, US Embassy, Bahrain/Wikileaks/The Guardian
^ "The Tenacity of Hope". The Economist. 30 December 2008. Diakses tanggal 25 October 2014. [The BNP] seems also to have been hurt by its alliance with Islamist parties, the largest of which, Jamaat-e-Islami, was reduced from 17 seats to just two.
^ "Bangladesh and war crimes: Blighted at birth". The Economist. 1 July 2010. West [Pakistan]'s army had the support of many of East Pakistan's Islamist parties. They included Jamaat-e-Islami, still Bangladesh's largest Islamist party ... reinstating and enforcing that original constitution might amount to an outright ban on Jamaat, the standardbearer in Bangladesh for a conservative strain of Islam.
^ Islamists Win 75% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament The New York Times.
^ Schwarz, Adam (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Allen & Unwin. hlm. 172. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.
^ Dhume, Sadanand. (December 1, 2005). Indonesian Democracy’s Enemy Within. Yale Global.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama atimes.com
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama meforum.org
^ "Muslim Brotherhood formally launches party". Libya Herald. 3 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2012.
^ Soguel, Dominique (3 March 2012). "Muslim Brother picked to lead new Libya party". Times of India. Tripoli. Agence France-Presse. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-01. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2012.
^ Beaumont, Peter (3 December 2011), "Political Islam poised to dominate the new world bequeathed by Arab spring", The Guardian, diakses tanggal 31 January 2012
^ "Islamists' Growing Sway Raises Questions for Libya". 15 September 2011. Diakses tanggal 2012-06-10.
^ Spencer, Richard (19 November 2011), "Libyan cleric announces new party on lines of 'moderate' Islamic democracy", The Telegraph, diakses tanggal 31 January 2012
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Haimzadeh
^ Grant, George (1 July 2012), "Party Profile: The National Forces Alliance", Libya Herald
^ [1] Diarsipkan March 11, 2012, di Wayback Machine.
^ UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.5. From:"Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-29. Diakses tanggal 2013-01-05.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama ReferenceA
^ Chen, Cherice (25 November 2011). "Morocco votes in first election since protests; Islamist party eyes victory". Taiwan News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-11-27. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2011.
^ Alami, Aida (25 November 2011). "Moroccans Vote in Election Marking Shift of Power From King". Bloomberg Businessweek. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 November 2011. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2011.
^ Sidrah Moiz Khan "Pakistan's creation pointless if it fails to become Islamic welfare state" "Imran Khan said on Wednesday that Pakistan’s creation had been pointless if the country fails to become an Islamic welfare state" 27 June 2012.
^ Marcus Michaelsen "Pakistan's dream catcher" "Iqbal's work has influenced Imran Khan in his deliberations on an "Islamic social state" 27 March 2012.
^
* "This is particularly the case in view of the scholarly debate on the compatibility of Islam and democracy but even more so in view of Hamas's self-definition as an Islamic national liberation movement." The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence, by Shaul Mishal & Avraham Sela, 2006, p. xxviii;
- In this way the PA has been able to control the economic activities of its political adversaries, including the Hamas and other Islamic opposition groups. Investment in peace: politics of economic cooperation between Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority, by Shaul Mishal, Ranan D. Kuperman, David Boas, 2001, p. 85;
- "Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine ..." Peace and war: the Arab-Israeli military balance enters the 21st century, by Anthony H. Cordesman, 2002, p. 243;
- "One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time ..." 'Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty', by Meir Litvak, in Challenges to the cohesion of the Arabic State, by Asher Susser, 2008, p. 153.;
- "Hamas is an Islamic fundamentalist movement founded in 1987..." Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, by Gus Martin, 2009, p. 153;
- "Hamas is an Islamic jihadist organization..." Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran, by Jerome R. Corsi, 2009, p. 39.;
- "The Islamic Resistance Movement (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islam- iyya), known by its acronym Hamas, is an Islamic fundamentalist organization which defines itself as the military wing of the Muslim Brethren." Anti-semitic motifs in the ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, by Esther Webman, 1994, p. 17.;
- "Understanding Islamism" Diarsipkan March 7, 2013, di Wayback Machine., Crisis Group Middle East/North Africa Report N°37, 2 March 2005;
- "Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist". Reuters. 2007-08-23. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-02-05. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-28. ;
- Hider, James (2007-10-12). "Islamist leader hints at Hamas pull-out from Gaza". London: The Times Online. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-28. ;
- The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation. Middle East Report. Graham Usher, August 21, 2005 * "Council on Foreign Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-06-02. Diakses tanggal May 27, 2010.
^ "Frequently Asked Questions About Hamas". Abcnews.go.com. 2006-01-06. Diakses tanggal 2011-08-02.
^ Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt By Liz Sly, Washington Post 12 May 2012
^ Khaled Yacoub Oweis "Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes," Diarsipkan 2015-10-15 di Wayback Machine. Reuters (6 May 2012).
^ "Syria Muslim Brotherhood Issues Post-Assad State-for-All Commitment Charter," Diarsipkan January 17, 2013, di Wayback Machine. ikhwanweb.com (The Muslim Brotherhood’s Official English web site) (7 April 2012).
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama ReferenceB
^ "AKP explains charter changes, slams foreign descriptions". Hürriyet Daily News. Istanbul. 2010-03-28. Diakses tanggal 21 July 2014. In the Western press, when the AK Party administration, the ruling party of the Turkish Republic, is being named, unfortunately most of the time 'Islamic,' 'Islamist,' 'mildly Islamist,' 'Islamic-oriented,' 'Islamic-leaning,' 'Islamic-based' or 'with an Islamic agenda,' and similar language is being used. These characterizations do not reflect the truth, and they sadden us," Çelik said. "Yes, the AK Party is a conservative democratic party. The AK Party's conservatism is limited to moral and social issues.

Pranala luar

Islam and Democracy: Perceptions and Misperceptions^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]} by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq
Democracy and the Muslim World (series of articles on Islam and Democracy from Islamica Magazine)^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Islamic Democracies (article)
Preview of the Seoul Conference on The Community of Democracies: Challenges and Threats to Democracy Diarsipkan 2013-01-12 di Archive.is
Marina Ottoway, et al., "Democratic Mirage in the Middle East," Carnegie Endowment for Ethics and International Peace, Policy Brief 20, (October 20, 2002). Internet, available online at: http://www.ceip.org/files/publications/HTMLBriefs-WP/20_October_2002_Policy_Brief/20009536v01.html
On Ethical Democracy (includng Islamic Democracy): http://www.ethicaldemocracy.org
Marina Ottoway and Thomas Carothers, "Think Again: Middle East Democracy,"Foreign Policy (Nov./Dec. 2004). Internet, available online at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=2705&print=1 Diarsipkan 2009-01-13 di Wayback Machine.
Chris Zambelis, "The Strategic Implications of Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Middle East," Parameters, (Autumn 2005). Internet, available online at: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/05autumn/zambelis.htm^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
The Muslim's world future is freedom Book review, with some controversial content.
National Union for Democracy in Iran^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Democracy in the Middle East A series of articles in the Guardian on the problems of democracy in the region by Brian Whitaker.
Expect the Unexpected: A Religious Democracy in Iran Diarsipkan 2007-01-01 di Wayback Machine.
Iranian President Mohammad Khatami Vows to Establish Religious Democracy in Iran
Recent Elections and the Future of Religious Democracy in Iran
Minimal Islam Is the Answer for Iran
Democracy Lacking in Muslim World Diarsipkan 2007-12-25 di Wayback Machine.
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Official in Tehran University Lecture (Part I): Islam Has Nothing in Common with Democracy

Artikel bertopik politik ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Ghadbian, Najib (July 6, 2003). "Democracy or Self-Interest?". Harvard International Review. Diakses tanggal 2011-10-19. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[2] Weeramantry, Christopher G. (1997). Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. hlm. 134–5. ISBN 90-411-0241-8.

[3] Sullivan, Antony T. (January–February 1997). "Istanbul Conference Traces Islamic Roots of Western Law, Society". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: 36. Diakses tanggal 2008-02-29.

[4] Goodman, Lenn Evan (2003). Islamic Humanism. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 155. ISBN 0-19-513580-6.

[5] -Hibri, Azizah Y. (1998–1999). "Islamic and American Constitutional Law: Borrowing Possibilities or a History of Borrowing". University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law. 1 (3): 492–527 [507–25].

[wikileaks-6] Guide to Bahrain's politics – 4 Sep 2008. Ambassador Ereli, US Embassy, Bahrain/Wikileaks/The Guardian

[The_Tenacity_of_Hope-7] "The Tenacity of Hope". The Economist. 30 December 2008. Diakses tanggal 25 October 2014. [The BNP] seems also to have been hurt by its alliance with Islamist parties, the largest of which, Jamaat-e-Islami, was reduced from 17 seats to just two.

[economist.com-8] "Bangladesh and war crimes: Blighted at birth". The Economist. 1 July 2010. West [Pakistan]'s army had the support of many of East Pakistan's Islamist parties. They included Jamaat-e-Islami, still Bangladesh's largest Islamist party ... reinstating and enforcing that original constitution might amount to an outright ban on Jamaat, the standardbearer in Bangladesh for a conservative strain of Islam.

[9] Islamists Win 75% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament The New York Times.

[Schwarz,_1994_172-10] Schwarz, Adam (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Allen & Unwin. hlm. 172. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.

[Indonesian_Democracy’s_Enemy_Within-11] Dhume, Sadanand. (December 1, 2005). Indonesian Democracy’s Enemy Within. Yale Global.

[atimes.com-12] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama atimes.com

[meforum.org-13] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama meforum.org

[libyaherald.com-14] "Muslim Brotherhood formally launches party". Libya Herald. 3 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2012.

[Soguel-15] Soguel, Dominique (3 March 2012). "Muslim Brother picked to lead new Libya party". Times of India. Tripoli. Agence France-Presse. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-01. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2012.

[16] Beaumont, Peter (3 December 2011), "Political Islam poised to dominate the new world bequeathed by Arab spring", The Guardian, diakses tanggal 31 January 2012

[Dr._Sallabi's_views-17] "Islamists' Growing Sway Raises Questions for Libya". 15 September 2011. Diakses tanggal 2012-06-10.

[18] Spencer, Richard (19 November 2011), "Libyan cleric announces new party on lines of 'moderate' Islamic democracy", The Telegraph, diakses tanggal 31 January 2012

[Haimzadeh-19] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Haimzadeh

[lherald-20] Grant, George (1 July 2012), "Party Profile: The National Forces Alliance", Libya Herald

[pas.org.my-21] [1] Diarsipkan March 11, 2012, di Wayback Machine.

[umno-online.com-22] UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.5. From:"Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-29. Diakses tanggal 2013-01-05.

[ReferenceA-23] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama ReferenceA

[Chen-24] Chen, Cherice (25 November 2011). "Morocco votes in first election since protests; Islamist party eyes victory". Taiwan News. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-11-27. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2011.

[bw-11-11-25-25] Alami, Aida (25 November 2011). "Moroccans Vote in Election Marking Shift of Power From King". Bloomberg Businessweek. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 November 2011. Diakses tanggal 25 November 2011.

[26] Sidrah Moiz Khan "Pakistan's creation pointless if it fails to become Islamic welfare state" "Imran Khan said on Wednesday that Pakistan’s creation had been pointless if the country fails to become an Islamic welfare state" 27 June 2012.

[27] Marcus Michaelsen "Pakistan's dream catcher" "Iqbal's work has influenced Imran Khan in his deliberations on an "Islamic social state" 27 March 2012.

[islamist/islamic-28] * "This is particularly the case in view of the scholarly debate on the compatibility of Islam and democracy but even more so in view of Hamas's self-definition as an Islamic national liberation movement." The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence, by Shaul Mishal & Avraham Sela, 2006, p. xxviii;
In this way the PA has been able to control the economic activities of its political adversaries, including the Hamas and other Islamic opposition groups. Investment in peace: politics of economic cooperation between Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority, by Shaul Mishal, Ranan D. Kuperman, David Boas, 2001, p. 85;

"Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine ..." Peace and war: the Arab-Israeli military balance enters the 21st century, by Anthony H. Cordesman, 2002, p. 243;

"One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time ..." 'Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty', by Meir Litvak, in Challenges to the cohesion of the Arabic State, by Asher Susser, 2008, p. 153.;

"Hamas is an Islamic fundamentalist movement founded in 1987..." Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, by Gus Martin, 2009, p. 153;

"Hamas is an Islamic jihadist organization..." Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran, by Jerome R. Corsi, 2009, p. 39.;

"The Islamic Resistance Movement (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islam- iyya), known by its acronym Hamas, is an Islamic fundamentalist organization which defines itself as the military wing of the Muslim Brethren." Anti-semitic motifs in the ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, by Esther Webman, 1994, p. 17.;

"Understanding Islamism" Diarsipkan March 7, 2013, di Wayback Machine., Crisis Group Middle East/North Africa Report N°37, 2 March 2005;

"Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist". Reuters. 2007-08-23. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-02-05. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-28. ;

Hider, James (2007-10-12). "Islamist leader hints at Hamas pull-out from Gaza". London: The Times Online. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-28. ;

The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation. Middle East Report. Graham Usher, August 21, 2005 * "Council on Foreign Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-06-02. Diakses tanggal May 27, 2010.

[29] In this way the PA has been able to control the economic activities of its political adversaries, including the Hamas and other Islamic opposition groups. Investment in peace: politics of economic cooperation between Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority, by Shaul Mishal, Ranan D. Kuperman, David Boas, 2001, p. 85;

[30] "Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine ..." Peace and war: the Arab-Israeli military balance enters the 21st century, by Anthony H. Cordesman, 2002, p. 243;

[31] "One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time ..." 'Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty', by Meir Litvak, in Challenges to the cohesion of the Arabic State, by Asher Susser, 2008, p. 153.;

[32] "Hamas is an Islamic fundamentalist movement founded in 1987..." Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, by Gus Martin, 2009, p. 153;

[33] "Hamas is an Islamic jihadist organization..." Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran, by Jerome R. Corsi, 2009, p. 39.;

[34] "The Islamic Resistance Movement (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islam- iyya), known by its acronym Hamas, is an Islamic fundamentalist organization which defines itself as the military wing of the Muslim Brethren." Anti-semitic motifs in the ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, by Esther Webman, 1994, p. 17.;

[35] "Understanding Islamism" Diarsipkan March 7, 2013, di Wayback Machine., Crisis Group Middle East/North Africa Report N°37, 2 March 2005;

[36] "Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist". Reuters. 2007-08-23. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-02-05. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-28. ;

[37] Hider, James (2007-10-12). "Islamist leader hints at Hamas pull-out from Gaza". London: The Times Online. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-28. ;

[38] The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation. Middle East Report. Graham Usher, August 21, 2005 * "Council on Foreign Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-06-02. Diakses tanggal May 27, 2010.

[Abcnews.go.com-29] "Frequently Asked Questions About Hamas". Abcnews.go.com. 2006-01-06. Diakses tanggal 2011-08-02.

[wp05122012-30] Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt By Liz Sly, Washington Post 12 May 2012

[reuters-31] Khaled Yacoub Oweis "Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes," Diarsipkan 2015-10-15 di Wayback Machine. Reuters (6 May 2012).

[ikhwanweb-32] "Syria Muslim Brotherhood Issues Post-Assad State-for-All Commitment Charter," Diarsipkan January 17, 2013, di Wayback Machine. ikhwanweb.com (The Muslim Brotherhood’s Official English web site) (7 April 2012).

[ReferenceB-33] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama ReferenceB

[34] "AKP explains charter changes, slams foreign descriptions". Hürriyet Daily News. Istanbul. 2010-03-28. Diakses tanggal 21 July 2014. In the Western press, when the AK Party administration, the ruling party of the Turkish Republic, is being named, unfortunately most of the time 'Islamic,' 'Islamist,' 'mildly Islamist,' 'Islamic-oriented,' 'Islamic-leaning,' 'Islamic-based' or 'with an Islamic agenda,' and similar language is being used. These characterizations do not reflect the truth, and they sadden us," Çelik said. "Yes, the AK Party is a conservative democratic party. The AK Party's conservatism is limited to moral and social issues.

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