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Akhir Mandat Britania untuk Palestina

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Berakhirnya Mandat Inggris untuk Palestina secara resmi ditetapkan melalui RUU Palestina tanggal 29 April 1948.[1] Pernyataan publik yang disiapkan oleh Kantor Kolonial dan Luar Negeri menegaskan penghentian tanggung jawab Inggris atas pemerintahan Palestina mulai tengah malam tanggal 14 Mei 1948.[2][3]

"Palestine: Termination of the Mandate," the official British Government publication on termination, providing a historical assessment of the mandate and reasons for its termination.

Latar Belakang

Mandat Palestina diciptakan pada akhir Perang Dunia Pertama setelah pembubaran Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Pada tahun 1920 Inggris dianugerahi mandat untuk Palestina oleh Liga Bangsa-Bangsa, untuk menjalankan pemerintahan hingga wilayah tersebut "mampu berdiri sendiri".[4] Buku Putih 1939 mengatur pembentukan negara Palestina merdeka dalam waktu 10 tahun.[5] Seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Malcolm MacDonald pada pertemuan Komisi Mandat Permanen tahun 1939, pada saat itu belum jelas bentuk negara seperti apa yang akan diambil.[6][a]

The February 1945 Yalta Conference agreed that arrangements would be made to provide for United Nations trusteeships for existing League Mandates.[7]

In July 1945, the Harrison Report was published,[8][b] describing the conditions of the displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe.

In October 1945, then Foreign Secretary Bevin told the cabinet that Britain intended to turn over the Palestine problem to the UN except that Britain would be accused of evading its responsibilities if it did not first make some efforts of its own in resolving the situation.[9]

The League of Nations at its last meeting on 18 April 1946 agreed to liquidate and transfer all of its assets to the UN.[10] The assembly also passed a resolution approving and welcoming the intention of the British government to grant independence to Transjordan.[11][12]

The report of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry was published 20 April 1946.[13]

That part of the mandate in respect of Transjordan legally ended on 17 June 1946 with the ratification of the Treaty of London.[14]

In July 1946, a committee created to establish how the Anglo-American proposals would be implemented proposed the Morrison–Grady Plan.

Following the failure of the 1946–1947 London Conference on Palestine, at which the United States refused to support the British leading to both the Morrison–Grady Plan and the Bevin Plan being rejected by all parties, the British decided to refer the question to the UN on 14 February 1947.[15][c]

The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) was created on 15 May 1947, reported on 3 September 1947 and on 29 November 1947, the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was passed. It recommended that the Mandate terminate as soon as possible and not later than 1 August 1948.[16]

Two weeks later, on 11 December, Colonial Secretary Arthur Creech Jones announced that the British Mandate would terminate on 15 May 1948.[17][d]

UN

The British requested that the Palestine question be placed on the agenda of the Second Regular Session of the General Assembly and that a Special Session be convened to constitute a Special Committee to prepare for Assembly consideration of the subject. The First Special Session of the General Assembly met between 28 April and 15 May 1947 to consider the British request. An attempt by the five Arab members of the UN (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria) to add an item to the agenda addressing the "termination of the Mandate over Palestine and the declaration of its independence" was unsuccessful.[19]

Following the publication of the UNSCOP report, the Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question was formed by a vote of the Second Regular Session of the General Assembly on 24 September 1947.

Palestine

Lihat pula: 1948 Palestine war

Regulations governing land transfers and clauses relating to immigration were implemented although by 1944, 24,000 of 75,000 immigration certificates still remained for use. The immigration limits were relaxed to allow immigration at the rate of 18,000 a year as a reaction to the situation of Jewish refugees in Europe.[20]

With the end of the war, the new Labour Government, led by Clement Attlee, with Ernest Bevin as Foreign Secretary, decided to maintain the White Paper policy.

Immediately after the UN resolution, the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine broke out between the Arab and Jewish communities. On the last day of the Mandate, the creation of the State of Israel was proclaimed, and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War began. In March 1948, the British Cabinet had agreed that the civil and military authorities in Palestine should make no effort to oppose the setting up of a Jewish State or a move into Palestine from Transjordan.[21]

Sir Henry Gurney served as Chief Secretary in Palestine from October 1946 to termination and wrote a diary covering the period.[22] A review by historian Rory Miller speaks approvingly of editor Golani's decision to include detailed scholarly annotations and perspectives to the diary.[23]

Arab response

On 22 March 1945, the Arab League was founded. The Arab Higher Committee (AHC) was reconstituted in November 1945 to represent Palestinian Arabs [24] and met at the beginning of May 1946 to consider their response to the publication of the Anglo American report.[25] The Arab states reacted with summit meetings at Inshas at the end of May and Bloudan in June.[26] After the failure of the London Conference and UN referral the Arabs continued to press their demand for an immediate independent Arab Palestine.[27]

Jordan

Abdullah had connections with Zionists and Palestine over many years, according to an account given by historian Mary Wilson.[28] Historians have described a meeting between Abdullah and the Jewish Agency on 17 November 1947 during which Abdullah is alleged to have reached an understanding in regard to Abdullah's intent to occupy the Arab territories of the partition plan.[29][30][31] Following the end of the mandate, the Jordanian Arab Legion, under the leadership of Sir John Bagot Glubb, known as Glubb Pasha, was ordered to enter Palestine and secure the UN designated Arab area.[32]

Zionist response

In May 1942, the Biltmore Conference in New York City with 600 delegates and Zionist leaders from 18 countries attending, demands "that Palestine be established as a Jewish Commonwealth" (state), rather than a "homeland".[33]

American response

At the end of August 1945, U.S. President Harry Truman issues a statement requesting the British government to admit 100,000 Jewish refugees in Europe into Palestine.[34] On 14 May 1948, the United States de facto recognized the provisional Jewish government contemporaneously declared (de jure recognition on 31 January 1949).

Law professor Shabtai Rosenne says that there is no clear answer as to why the British took this step and lists miscalculation as well as political and military fatigue among others.[35] Ravndal cites works from the 1980s establishing that the British were motivated by "economic necessity and plain exhaustion" but then goes on to posit that the British were motivated by a Cold War desire to secure Britain's interests in the rest of the Middle East.[15] A summary of different views is given by Benny Morris.[24]:38

Mandates were intended to end with the independence of the Mandated territory. The British government had taken the position that there was nothing in law to prevent termination due to frustration of purpose.[36] In the event, the UNSCOP report recommended both that the Mandate be terminated and independence granted at the earliest practicable dates with a transition period between these events.[16]

Notes

  1. ^ As I say, it would be premature now to attempt even to sketch the constitutional provisions which would be most appropriate to secure "the essential interests" of the Arabs and the Jews. It may be that the State should be formed on a unitary basis; it may be that it should be a federal state. It may be that the best arrangement would be to establish a predominantly Arab province or provinces, and a predominantly Jewish province or provinces, and to give to each of these political units a large measure of local autonomy under a central government dealing with matters of common concern between them. What is essential is that each people, both the Arabs and the Jews, should be free to live its own life according to its own traditions and beliefs and genius.
  2. ^ Penkower, 2016, pages 56–58: "The official British response could be foretold. Truman's 24 July request of Churchill had already set Near East specialist Beeley's teeth on edge, indicating to him that the Zionists had been "deploringly successful in selling the idea" that, even after Allied victory, immigration to Palestine represented for many Jews "their only hope for survival." Wishing to avoid a postwar influx of Jews into Palestine, the Foreign Office's Refugee Department had expressed the fear in March 1944 that British trials of Germans on charges of crimes against humanity committed against Jews would convince survivors not to return to their native countries after the war. Whitehall's expert on refugees, Ian Henderson, was convinced that the Zionists were behind Harrison's recommendations. British military authorities in Germany rejected Harrison's criticism, claiming that Jews were being treated exactly like all other displaced persons... In Bevin's mind, Harrison's report was "not based on real investigation." Bevin told Weizmann that Truman was merely trying to gain votes by his stance; the United States had to take its share of those Jews who must be removed from Europe."
  3. ^ The reasons for this decision were explained by His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in a speech to the House of Commons on 18 February 1947, in which he said:- "His Majesty's Government have been faced with an irreconcilable conflict of principles. There are in Palestine about 1,200,000 Arabs and 600,000 Jews. For the Jews the essential point of principle is the creation of a sovereign Jewish State. For the Arabs, the essential point of principle is to resist to the last establishment of Jewish sovereignty in any part of Palestine. The discussions of the last month have quite clearly shown that there is no prospect of resolving this conflict by any settlement negotiated between the parties. But if the conflict has to be resolved by an arbitrary decision, that is not a decision which His Majesty's Government are empowered, as Mandatory, to take. His Majesty's Government have of themselves no power, under the terms of the Mandate, to award the country either to the Arabs or to the Jews, or even to partition it between them."
  4. ^ Creech Jones stated to the House of Commons: "Before the conclusion of the discussions, Sir Alexander Cadogan announced on behalf of the Government that the withdrawal of our Forces and administration would be effected by 1 August 1948... It will be appreciated that the mandatory responsibility for government in Palestine cannot be relinquished piecemeal. The whole complex of governmental responsibilities must be relinquished by the Mandatory Government for the whole of Palestine on an appointed day. As I have indicated, once our military withdrawal is properly under way, the forces necessary for exercising this responsibility will no longer be adequately available, and it will not, therefore, be possible to retain full mandatory responsibility after a certain date. The Mandate will, therefore, be terminated some time in advance of the completion of the withdrawal, and the date we have in mind for this, subject to negotiation with the United Nations Commission, is 15 May."[18]

References

  1. ^ Bloomsbury Publishing (26 September 2013). Whitaker's Britain. A&C Black. hlm. 127–. ISBN 978-1-4729-0380-8. 
  2. ^ Fincham, David Gerald (19 June 2015). "British Government statement on the end of the Palestine Mandate". Diakses tanggal 23 October 2018. 
  3. ^ "Palestine Termination of the Mandate 15th May 1948". HMSO. 15 May 1948. Diakses tanggal 23 October 2018. 
  4. ^ Pasal 22, Perjanjian Liga Bangsa-Bangsa dan "Mandat untuk Palestina," Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol. 11, hal. 862, Rumah Penerbitan Keter, Yerusalem, 1972
  5. ^ Cohen, Michael J. (2009). "Appeasement in the Middle East: the British White Paper on Palestine". The Historical Journal. 16 (3): 571–596. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00002958. ISSN 0018-246X. 
  6. ^ ""Minutes of the Thirty-Sixth Session Held at Geneva from June 8th to 29th, 1939"" (PDF). 
  7. ^ Bain, William (14 August 2003). Between Anarchy and Society: Trusteeship and the Obligations of Power. OUP Oxford. hlm. 121–. ISBN 978-0-19-926026-3. 
  8. ^ Penkower, Monty Noam. "The Earl Harrison Report: Its Genesis and Its Significance". American Jewish Archives Journal, 68, no.1 (2016): 1–75
  9. ^ Haron, Miriam Joyce (1981). "The British Decision to Give the Palestine Question to the United Nations". Middle Eastern Studies. 17 (2): 241–248. doi:10.1080/00263208108700469. JSTOR 4282830. 
  10. ^ "League of Nations Timeline". worldatwar.net. 
  11. ^ "The British Embassy to the Department of State Aide-Mémoire dated 10th June, 1946". Diakses tanggal 29 October 2018. 
  12. ^ Mandates, dependencies and trusteeship. League of Nations resolution, 18 April 1946 quoted in Duncan Hall (1948). Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship. hlm. 267. The Assembly...Recalls the role of the League in assisting Iraq to progress from its status under an "A" Mandate to a condition of complete independence, welcomes the termination of the mandated status of Syria, the Lebanon, and Transjordan, which have, since the last session of the Assembly, become independent members of the world community. 
  13. ^ Stone, Dan (5 May 2015). The Liberation of the Camps: The End of the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21603-5. In order to try and mitigate these fears and to alleviate some of the ill-will that was disrupting US– UK relations in the wake of the Harrison Report, in November 1945 the British government set up the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Palestine (AACI) to investigate Harrison's claims. 
  14. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 4 October 2018. Diakses tanggal 25 October 2018. 
  15. ^ a b Ravndal, Ellen Jenny (2010). "Exit Britain: British Withdrawal From the Palestine Mandate in the Early Cold War, 1947–1948". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 21 (3): 416–433. doi:10.1080/09592296.2010.508409. ISSN 0959-2296. 
  16. ^ a b
  17. ^ Jones, Martin (6 October 2016). Failure in Palestine: British and United States Policy After the Second World War. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-9127-9. 
  18. ^ Hansard, Palestine: HC Deb 11 December 1947 vol 445 cc1207-318
  19. ^ Miguel Marín Bosch (2 March 1998). Votes in the UN General Assembly. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. hlm. 46–. ISBN 978-90-411-0564-6. 
  20. ^ Study (30 June 1978): The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem Part I: 1917-1947 - Study (30 June 1978) Diarsipkan 29 November 2018 di Wayback Machine., accessdate: 10 November 2018
  21. ^ CAB/128/12 formerly C.M.(48) 24 conclusions 22 March 1948
  22. ^ Gurney, Sir Henry (2009). Motti Golani, ed. The End of the British Mandate for Palestine, 1948 The Diary of Sir Henry Gurney. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230244733. 
  23. ^ Miller, Rory (2011). "The End of the British Mandate for Palestine, 1948: The Diary of Sir Henry Gurney". Middle Eastern Studies. 47 (1): 211–213. doi:10.1080/00263206.2011.540186. ISSN 0026-3206. 
  24. ^ a b Morris, Benny (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yale University Press. hlm. 27. ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9. 
  25. ^ H. Levenberg, "Bevin's Disillusionment: The London Conference, Autumn 1946", Middle Eastern Studies. p. 617 Vol. 27, No. 4 (October 1991)
  26. ^ Rubin, Barry (1981). The Arab States and the Palestine Conflict. Syracuse University Press. hlm. 154. ISBN 978-0815622536. 
  27. ^ Mayer, Thomas (1986). "Arab Unity of Action and the Palestine Question, 1945-48". Middle Eastern Studies. 22 (3): 338–340. doi:10.1080/00263208608700669. JSTOR 4283126. 
  28. ^ Mary Christina Wilson (28 June 1990). King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 103–128. ISBN 978-0-521-39987-6. 
  29. ^ Graham Jevon (27 April 2017). Glubb Pasha and the Arab Legion: Britain, Jordan and the End of Empire in the Middle East. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 64–65. ISBN 978-1-316-83396-4. 
  30. ^ Karsh, Efraim The Arab-Israeli Conflict, London: Osprey, 2002 p. 51.
  31. ^ Avi., Shlaim (1 January 1988). Collusion across the Jordan : King Abdullah, the Zionist movement, and the partition of Palestine. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231068383. OCLC 876002691. 
  32. ^ Sir John Bagot Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs, London 1957, p. 200
  33. ^ Carole S. Kessner (2008). Marie Syrkin: Values Beyond the Self. UPNE. hlm. 346–. ISBN 978-1-58465-451-3. 
  34. ^ "STATEMENT ON PALESTINE BY PRESIDENT TRUMAN". New York Times. 13 November 1945. 
  35. ^ Shabtai Rosenne (1 January 1993). An International Law Miscellany. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. hlm. 636. ISBN 978-0-7923-1742-5. 
  36. ^ "Termination of the British Mandate for Palestine". The International Law Quarterly. 2 (1): 57–60. 1948. JSTOR 763114. 
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