Sergey Syrtsov (politikus)

Sergey Syrtsov
Sergey Syrtsov
Серге́й Сырцо́в
	Syrtsov in 1929
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR
	Masa jabatan; 18 May 1929 – 3 November 1930
Perdana Menteri	Alexei Rykov
	Pendahulu; Alexei Rykov Pengganti; Daniil Sulimov
Candidate member of the 16th Politburo
	Masa jabatan; 21 June 1929 – 1 December 1930
Informasi pribadi
Lahir	Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov; 17 July [K.J.: 5 July] 1893; Slavgorod, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Russian Empire
Meninggal	10 September 1937 (umur 44); Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Sebab kematian	Execution by firing squad
Kebangsaan	Soviet
Partai politik	RSDLP (Bolsheviks) (1913–1918) ; Russian Communist Party (1918–1930)
	Orde Panji Merah ;
	Sunting kotak info • L • B

Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov^[a] (17 Juli [K.J.: 5 Juli] 1893 – 10 September 1937) adalah seorang politikus dan negarawan Soviet Rusia. Syrtsov paling dikenang karena pernah menjabat sebagai kepala pemerintahan republik RSFS Rusia dari tahun 1929 hingga pemecatannya pada tahun 1930 karena berencana untuk mencopot Joseph Stalin sebagai kepala Partai Partai Komunis Seluruh Serikat (Bolshevik).

Syrtsov ditangkap pada musim semi tahun 1937 selama Pembersihan Besar-besaran dan dieksekusi sekitar lima bulan kemudian.

Biografi

Tahun-tahun awal

Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov lahir di Slavgorod, Guberniia Ekaterinoslav, Kekaisaran Rusia (sekarang bagian dari Ukraina) pada tanggal 17 Juli 1895 (5 Juli Old Style)hingga keluarga kelas menengah dari ekstraksi etnis Rusia.^[1] Ayah Syrtsov, Ivan Syrtsov, adalah seorang pegawai pemerintah setempat.^[2]

Syrtsov kuliah di universitas di St. Petersburg di Universitas Politeknik Negeri Saint Petersburg di mana ia menjadi aktif secara politik, bergabung dengan Partai Bolshevik pada tahun 1913.^[1]Pada tahun 1916 karena aktivitas politiknya bertabrakan dengan Okhrana (polisi rahasia) dan Syrtsov ditangkap, dikeluarkan dari sekolah, dan dikirim ke pengasingan internal di wilayah Verkolensk di Irkutsk, sebelah timur Siberia.^[3] Ia dibebaskan dari pengasingan setelah Revolusi Februari tahun 1917, yang ditandai dengan pembebasan tahanan politik.^[4]

Syrtsov adalah peserta aktif dalam Revolusi Oktober di mana kaum Bolshevik menggulingkan Pemerintahan Sementara Rusia dari Alexander Kerensky, mengepalai Komite Revolusi Militer lokal di kota Rostov-on- Don selama pemberontakan.^[4]

Pemimpin Bolshevik Provinsi

Pada masa Revolusi Bolshevik pada bulan November 1917, Syrtsov bermarkas di Rostov-on-Don. Sebagai anggota komite revolusioner militer regional, ia memimpin ekspedisi hukuman terhadap Don Cossack yang menentang Bolshevik. Pada bulan Maret 1918, ia diangkat sebagai wakil ketua Dewan Komisaris Rakyat Republik Don Soviet yang berumur pendek. ^[5] Ia ditunjuk menjadi anggota komite yang bertanggung jawab atas "Decossackization" wilayah Don pada bulan Desember 1918 dan berpartisipasi dalam aktivitas untuk memecah pemukiman pedesaan Don Cossack karena permusuhan mereka terhadap rezim Bolshevik.^[4]Selama Perang Saudara Rusia, ia menjabat sebagai komisaris politik di Angkatan Darat ke-12 Tentara Merah, dari tahun 1918 hingga 1919.^[1]^[4] Dia terluka selama pertempuran dan dianugerahi Order of the Red Banner.^[4] Pada tahun 1920, ia diangkat menjadi sekretaris komite partai provinsi Odesa.

Pada tahun-tahun setelah revolusi, Syrtsov mengambil posisi yang menempatkan dirinya di sayap kiri Partai Bolshevik, termasuk menentang Perjanjian Brest-Litovsk pada bulan Maret 1918.^[4] Ia menjadi delegasi pada Kongres ke-10 RKP(b) pada bulan Maret 1921, di mana ia mendukung Leon Trotsky, melawan Lenin dalam perselisihan mengenai peran serikat pekerja. Dia juga berpartisipasi bersama dengan delegasi lain dalam pertemuan tersebut dalam menumpas Pemberontakan Kronstadt.^[4] Pengalaman ini menggerakkan Syrtsov ke arah yang lebih moderat secara ekonomi, dan ia menjadi pendukung awal dan vokal Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru (NEP) yang dikemukakan oleh Lenin atas oposisi radikal dari kalangan Bolshevik.^[4] Setelah Kongres, Lenin melakukan intervensi untuk mengamankan penunjukan Syrtsov sebagai ketua sekretaris partai komunis di wilayah Donbas, melawan tentangan dari para pemimpin partai Ukraina karena dukungan Syrtsov sebelumnya, yang ia janjikan akan ditinggalkan.^[6]

Pejabat partai nasional

Pada tahun 1921 Syrtsov dipindahkan ke Moskow untuk bekerja di birokrasi negara yang sedang berkembang.^[4] Ia diangkat menjadi kepala Bagian Pencatatan dan Penugasan Partai Komunis (Uchraspred) pada Juli 1921, sebuah lembaga yang didedikasikan untuk tugas memelihara arsip personel partai.^[4] Syrtsov membuat sistem pengumpulan catatan individu pada kartu arsip dan memainkan peran penting dalam pembentukan nomenklatura sistem pengangkatan pejabat yang dipercaya pada jabatan rendah oleh pemerintah pusat.^[7]

Setelah penunjukan Joseph Stalin sebagai Sekretaris Jenderal pada bulan April 1922, pekerjaan Uchraspred diawasi dengan cermat oleh Sekretariat Stalin dan hubungan kerja yang erat antara Syrtsov dan Stalin dikembangkan untuk pertama kalinya.^[7] Syrtsov menghadiri pertemuan Biro Organisasi partai (yang dianggap sebagai benteng pertumbuhan kekuatan faksi Stalin) dan berpartisipasi bersama Stalin dalam penunjukan personel kunci.^[7] Agenda bersama keduanya pada periode ini ditekankan oleh fakta bahwa Stalin dan Syrtsov berbagi kantor yang bersebelahan di Kremlin.^[7]

Syrtsov dipindahkan pada tahun 1924 ke posisi kepala departemen Agitasi dan Propaganda Komite Sentral, kemudian menjadi anggota Presidium Akademi Komunis dan editor majalah Komite Sentral VKP(b), Revolusi Komunis.^[8]

Syrtsov menjadi sekretaris pertama organisasi Komunis di distrik Ural Siberia pada tahun 1926, dan tetap pada posisi tersebut hingga tahun 1929.^[9] During the grain crisis of 1927–28, Stalin traveled to the region in 1928 to spur lagging grain deliveries to state procurement agencies.^[10] Syrtsov was found to be an effective ally of Moscow in the exertion of coercion against the peasantry in what came to be known as the Ural-Siberian method of grain procurement, which was based upon use of Article 107 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR in charging peasants as "speculatorsa" for refusing to sell grain to state authorities despite the inadequate purchase prices being offered.

In the aftermath of the so-called "extraordinary measures" employed the 1928 grain procurement Syrtsov was a consistent supporter of Stalin's proposal for "total collectivization" and the "liquidation of kulaks as a class" in the Siberian Oblast Committee of the VKP(b) as a long-term solution to the problem of inadequate state grain collections.^[9] Syrtsov's loyalty on the question of collectivization of agriculture was rewarded in 1929 when he was returned from Novosibirsk to Moscow to assume chairmanship of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR^[10] Syrtsov replaced collectivization opponent Alexey Rykov in this position, and seems to have been tapped to ultimately replacing Rykov as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (CPC) of the entire nation.^[11]

In connection with the move Syrtsov was made a candidate member of the Politburo of the by now renamed All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) [VKP(b)], a move which likely emphasized the designs of Stalin and his associates to promote Syrtsov as Chairman of the All-Union CPC.^[11] Syrtsov thereby became the youngest member of the Politburo both in terms of age and duration of party membership.^[12] He was also made a member of the Council of Labor and Defense (STO), a key economic planning and distribution agency, in July 1929.^[13]

Syrtsov-Lominadze Affair of 1930

Syrtsov's tenure as head of the Russian government proved to be brief. The campaign for total collectivization of agriculture in the USSR proved to be dysfunctionally violent, marked by expropriations, forced deportations, and armed revolt. These excesses moved the decisive and independently minded Syrtsov into opposition, gathering like-minded individuals in the upper ranks of the Communist Party apparatus characterized by historian James Hughes as an "amateurish political plot to oust Stalin" for the violence and economic irrationality.^[2] In this effort Syrtsov was joined by fellow member of the VKP(b) Central Committee and Secretary of the Transcaucasian District Party Committee Vissarion "Beso" Lominadze and Central Control Commission member Lazar Shatskin, an important figure in the Communist International of Youth (KIM).^[14]

The so-called Syrtsov-Lominadze Group planned to make their restructuring proposal at the forthcoming joint plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission, scheduled for October 1930.^[14] The group's campaign was revealed to Stalin and his group early in the organizing process, just after it had moved from critical commentary in a private group setting to the circulation of anti-Stalin literature and the attempt to attract officials from the Soviet governmental and party apparatus to its cause.^[2]

Srytsov, Lominadze, Shatskin, and their co-thinkers were expelled from the VKP(b), with the plenum of the CC/CCC moved back to December.^[14] This marked the first time that members of these two leading bodies of the VKP(b) were expelled from the party without consent of the Central Committee itself.^[15]

Syrtsov was replaced as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR by Daniil Sulimov, his successor as secretary of the Urals Oblast Committee of the VKP(b).^[15]

Arrest and execution

Following his expulsion from the Communist Party, Syrtsov went into economic work, managing a munitions plant.^[8] In an unknown date, he joined a secret opposition group with Lominadze as well as Jan Sten. This group then joined a larger conspiratorial alliance in 1932 with Leon Trotsky, zinovievists and some unnamed rightists. In a letter from Trotsky's son, they were referred to as the 'Sten–Lominadze group'. Pierre Broué wrote that the bloc most likely dissolved in early 1933, because some of its members were arrested and Kamenev and Zinoviev had joined Stalin again.^[16]

Syrtsov was arrested on 19 April 1937 during the Great Purge. Following protracted interrogation he was sentenced to death on 10 September 1937 and executed in Moscow that same day.^[17]

Syrtsov was posthumously rehabilitated (exonerated) by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on 28 December 1957.^[18]

Notes

^ bahasa Rusia: Серге́й Ива́нович Сырцо́в

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Sheila Fitzpatrick, On Stalin's Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015; p. 328,
^ ^a ^b ^c James Hughes, "Patrimonialism and the Stalinist System: The Case of S.I. Syrtsov," Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 48, no. 4 (June 1996), pp. 552.
^ Hughes, "Patrimonialism and the Stalinist System," pp. 552–553.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Hughes, "Patrimonialism and the Stalinist System," p. 553.
^ Zalessky, K.A. "Сырцов Сергей Иванович 1893–1937 Биографический Указатель". Khronos.
^ Lenin, V.I. (1976). Collected Works Vol 45 (PDF). Moscow: Progress Publishers. hlm. 111. Diakses tanggal 26 January 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hughes, "Patrimonialism and the Stalinist System," p. 554.
^ ^a ^b S.A. Pankov, "Sergei Ivanovich Syrtsov," Историческая энциклопедия Сибири (Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia), 2009.
^ ^a ^b Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party: A Study in the Technology of Power. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959; p. 15.
^ ^a ^b Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party, p. 18.
^ ^a ^b Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party, p. 189.
^ Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party, p. 190.
^ R.W. Davies, et al. (eds.), Soviet Government Officials, 1922–41: A Handlist. Birmingham, England: Center for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham, 1989; p. 387.
^ ^a ^b ^c Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party, p. 191.
^ ^a ^b Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party, p. 192.
^ "Pierre Broué: The "Bloc" of the Oppositions against Stalin (January 1980)". www.marxists.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-07.
^ "Жертвы политического террора в СССР". Lists.memo.ru. Diakses tanggal 2013-06-12.
^ "Syrtsov, Sergei," Martirolog rasstreliannykh v Moskve i Moskovskoi oblasti (Memorial of those shot in Moscow and Moscow oblast), Sakharov Center, www.sakharov-center.ru/