Seni rupa Insuler

Seni rupa Insuler atau seni rupa Saksen-Hibernia adalah gaya seni rupa yang tumbuh dan berkembang di Britania Raya dan Irlandia pascapenjajahan Romawi. Istilah insuler berasal dari kata Latin insula, artinya "pulau". Pada kurun waktu pascapenjajahan Romawi, Britania dan Irlandia mengembangkan suatu gaya seni rupa bersama yang berbeda dari gaya seni rupa di seantero Eropa. Para sejarawan seni rupa biasanya menggolongkan seni rupa Insuler ke dalam gerakan seni rupa Zaman Migrasi maupun seni rupa Barat Abad Pertengahan Awal, dan perpaduan dari kedua tradisi inilah yang menjadi keistimewaan gaya seni rupa Insuler.

Halaman Kitab Kells ini (folio 292 rekto) memuat kalimat pembuka Injil Yohanes dalam bahasa Latin (In principio erat verbum) yang dihias mewah

Gambar Raja Daud di dalam naskah Kasiodorus Durham, diduga berasal dari awal abad ke-8, Jarrow

Sebagian besar karya seni rupa Insuler berasal dari biara-biara Kristen Kelt binaan rahib-rahib Irlandia, atau dari sektor kriya logam bagi kalangan elit sekuler. Kurun waktu perkembangan seni rupa Insuler bermula sekitar tahun 600 dengan berpadunya gaya seni rupa Kelt dengan gaya seni rupa Saksen-Inggris. Salah satu unsur khasnya adalah corak hias kepang-kepangan, khususnya corak hias kepang-kepangan yang ditemukan di Sutton Hoo, Anglia Timur. Corak hias ini digunakan untuk memperindah barang-barang jenis baru yang kebanyakan adalah tiruan barang-barang buatan Mediterania, teristimewa kodeks atau buku.

Masa jayanya berakhir ketika pusat-pusat rahbaniyat dan kehidupan ningrat diporak-porandakan bangsa Viking sejak akhir abad ke-8. Diduga serbuan bangsa Viking juga yang menjadi sebab terhentinya pengerjaan Kitab Kells. Tidak ada lagi Kitab Injil sesudahnya yang dihias semewah dan sehalus mahakarya-makaharya abad ke-8. Di Inggris, gaya seni rupa Insuler terserap ke dalam gaya seni rupa Saksen-Inggris sekitar tahun 900, sementara di Irlandia, gaya seni rupa ini terus lestari sampai akhirnya terserap ke dalam gaya seni rupa Romanik pada abad ke-12. Irlandia, Skotlandia, dan Kerajaan Northumbria di Inggris Utara adalah pusat-pusat utama perkembangannya, tetapi ada pula karya-karya seni rupa Insuler yang ditemukan di Inggris Selatan, Wales, dan Eropa Daratan, teristimewa di Galia (sekarang Prancis), yakni di pusat-pusat misi Hibernia-Skotlandia dan pusat-pusat misi Saksen-Inggris. Pengaruh seni rupa Insuler menulari semua seni rupa Abad Pertengahan Eropa yang berkembang sesudahnya, terutama pada corak hias naskah-naskah Romanik dan Gotik.

Sebagian besar karya seni rupa Insuler yang sintas berwujud naskah beriluminasi, barang kriya logam, dan ukiran pada batu, teristimewa pada tugu-tugu salib batu. Bidang-bidang dihias mewah dengan corak-corak yang rumit, tanpa usaha untuk menciptakan kesan kedalaman, kesan timbul, maupun kesan jauh-dekat. Contoh-contoh terbaiknya adalah Kitab Kells, Kitab Injil Lindisfarne, Kitab Durrow, kerongsang-kerongsang semisal Kerongsang Tara, dan Salib Ruthwell. Halaman-halaman permadani adalah unusr khas naskah-naskah Insuler, meskipun jamak pula dijumpai inisial-inisial berwarita (rekacipta Insuler), tabel-tabel kanon, dan miniatur-miniatur figuratif, teristimewa potret-potret penginjil.

Rujukan

Sumber

• Alexander, Jonathan J.G.. Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work, Yale UP, 1992, ISBN 978-0-300-05689-1
• Bloxham, Jim & Rose, Krisine. St. Cuthbert Gospel of St. John, Formerly Known as the Stonyhurst Gospel
• Brown, Michelle P. Mercian Manuscripts? The "Tiberius" Group and its Historical Context, in Michelle P. Brown, Carol Ann Farr: Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8264-7765-1
• Calkins, Robert G. Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1983, ISBN 978-0-8014-1506-7
• Dodwell, C.R. (1982). Anglo-Saxon Art, a new perspective, 1982, Manchester UP, ISBN 978-0-7190-0926-6
• Dodwell, C.R. (1993). The Pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200, 1993, Yale UP, ISBN 978-0-300-06493-3
• Gombrich, E.H. The Story of Art, Phaidon, 13th edn. 1982. ISBN 978-0-7148-1841-2
• Ó Floinn, Raghnal; Wallace, Patrick (eds). Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities. Dublin: National Museum of Ireland, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7171-2829-7
• Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). Pages from the Book of Kells. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B00AN4JVI0
• Grove Art Online. "Insular Art", accessed 18 April 2010, see also Ryan, Michael.
• Henderson, George. Early Medieval Art, 1972, ISBN 978-0-14-021420-8, rev. 1977, Penguin,
• "Hendersons": Henderson, George and Henderson, Isabel, "The implications of the Staffordshire Hoard for the understanding of the origins and development of the Insular art style as it appears in manuscripts and sculpture", Papers from the Staffordshire Hoard Symposium (online), 2010, Portable Antiquities Scheme, British Museum
• Hicks, Carola. Insular – The Age of Migrating Ideas: Early Medieval Art in Northern Britain and Ireland
• Hugh Honour and John Fleming. "A World History of Art", 1st edn. 1982 & later editions, Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback. ISBN 978-0-333-37185-5
• Laing, Lloyd Robert. The archaeology of late Celtic Britain and Ireland, c. 400–1200 AD, Taylor & Francis, 1975, ISBN 978-0-416-82360-8
• Lasko, Peter. Ars Sacra, 800–1200, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 1972 (nb, 1st edn.) ISBN 978-0-14-056036-7
• Moss, Rachel. Medieval c. 400—c. 1600, "Art and Architecture of Ireland" series. CT: Yale University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-03-001-7919-4
• Mitchell, G. F. "The Cap of St Lachtin's Arm". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, volume 114, 1984. JSTOR 25508863
• Moss, Rachel. The Book of Durrow. Dublin: Trinity College Library; London: Thames and Hudson, 2018. ISBN 978-0-5002-9460-4
• Murray, Griffin. "The Makers of Church Metalwork in Early Medieval Ireland: Their Identity and Status". Making Histories: Proceedings of the Sixth International Insular Art Conference. York, 2011
• Murray, Griffin. "The Medieval Treasures of County Kerry".Tralee: Kerry County Museum, 2010. ISBN 978-0-956-5714-0-3
• Nordenfalk, Carl. Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book illumination in the British Isles 600–800. New York: George Braziller, 1976, ISBN 978-0-8076-0825-8
• Pächt, Otto. Book Illumination in the Middle Ages (trans fr German), 1986, Harvey Miller Publishers, London, ISBN 978-0-19-921060-2
• Rigby, Stephen Henry. A companion to Britain in the later Middle Ages, Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, ISBN 978-0-631-21785-5. Google books
• Ryan, Michael, and others, in Grove Art Online, Insular art (Ryan is also a major contributor to Youngs below)
• Schapiro, Meyer, Selected Papers, volume 3, Late Antique, Early Christian and Mediaeval Art, 1980, Chatto & Windus, London, ISBN 978-0-7011-2514-1
• Wailes, Bernard and Zoll, Amy L., in Philip L. Kohl, Clare P. Fawcett, Nationalism, politics, and the practice of archaeology, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-521-55839-6
• Wilson, David M. Anglo-Saxon Art: From The Seventh Century To The Norman Conquest, Thames and Hudson (US edn. Overlook Press), 1984, ISBN 978-0-87951-976-6
• Susan Youngs (ed.). "The Work of Angels", Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6th–9th centuries AD, 1989, British Museum Press, London, ISBN 978-0-7141-0554-3

Bacaan lanjutan

• Treasures of Early Irish Art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.: From the Collections of the National Museum of Ireland, Royal Irish Academy, Trinity College, Dublin. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1977. ISBN 9780870991646. 

Pranala luar

• "Lindisfarne Gospels" - images from the British Library Diarsipkan 17 July 2018 di Wayback Machine.
• Irish Brooches of the Early Medieval Celtic Period - exhibition Diarsipkan 23 April 2016 di Wayback Machine.
• Lichfield Gospels - instructive Features page for the manuscript; interactive 3D renderings; interactive Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) for viewing dry-point; overlaid historical images (going back 125 years) to examine how the manuscript is aging
• 3D for Presenting Insular Manuscripts - Explains 3D modeling for the 8th-century illuminated St Chad Gospels
• Book of Armagh. Trinity College Digital Collections. MS 52
• The Armagh Satchel held at Trinity College Dublin
• The Book of Mulling, digitised at the Library of Trinity College Dublin [MS 60]
• The Library of Trinity College Online Exhibition on the Book of Durrow
• The Library of Trinity College full digitised Book of Durrow
• Trinity College Digital Collections, Book of Kells (full collection with images)
• Exhibition information about Book of Kells at Trinity College Library
• The Book of Dimma digitised at the Library of Trinity College Dublin [MS 59]
• The Garland of Howth digitised at the Library of Trinity College Dublin [MS 56]