AF/91
AF/91 was a virus hoax surrounding a computer virus purportedly created by the United States Intelligence Community as a cyberweapon during the Gulf War. The hoax originated in a 1991 InfoWorld article published as an April Fools' Day joke; in reality, no such virus ever existed, and the U.S. military is not known to have used a strategy similar to this in the Gulf War. Despite its publication date and the article clarifying it was for April Fools' Day, the story drew significant media attention, with several sources erroneously describing AF/91 as real well into the early 2000s.
Description
AF/91 originated from the article "Meta-Virus Set to Unleash Plague on Windows 3.0 Users" written by Tech Street Journal editor John Gantz, published on April 1, 1991 in InfoWorld magazine volume 13, issue 13.[1] Gantz claimed in the article that he had first heard of AF/91 in a conversation he overheard at the 1991 Federal Office Systems Expo (FOSE), a U.S. federal government office supplies convention. Most other details relating to AF/91 came from an unnamed friend, who Gantz claimed was employed as a U.S. Navy automated data processing specialist.[1]
AF/91 was described as a "meta-virus" designed as a "machine-language palindrome" and used to disable real-time computer systems by "attacking the software in printer and display controllers". AF/91 was claimed to be able to eat windows, apparently literally "gobbling them at the edges", ultimately overloading the peripherals with a broadcast storm and permanently freezing the computer. Intel and Motorola computer chips were noted to be especially vulnerable to the virus, as were computers running Microsoft Windows operating systems, namely the then-new Windows 3.0 (as mentioned in the article's title). AF/91 used a neural network that learned with each machine cycle but required lengthy periods of time to work as intended, even after its activation time was reduced by 75%, reportedly taking several weeks to set up, learn, and activate on systems operating 24 hours every day.[1]
According to the article, the National Security Agency (NSA) developed AF/91 to defeat Iraqi air defense systems during the Gulf War as part of the U.S. military's Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses operations. In the lead-up to Operation Desert Storm, AF/91 was installed on Trojan horse software for a printer and smuggled into Iraq through Jordan by the Central Intelligence Agency. After infecting an Iraqi air defense site, AF/91 remained dormant in Iraqi computer systems until the opening stages of the Gulf War air campaign—which was supposedly delayed just so AF/91 could be smuggled into Iraq and start working—at which point it was activated, disabling Iraqi air defenses and rendering half of their computers and printers unserviceable.[1]
However, AF/91 unintentionally made its way out of Iraq after Iraqi Air Force pilots deserting to Iran brought several infected printers with them; these were then used by the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology of Iran, allowing the virus to spread rapidly. By then, the virus had "mutated", capable of permanently embedding itself into a computer's display device and affecting its messaging software. The U.S. military, which had mostly committed to using Windows for their computer programs, became increasingly concerned about AF/91 potentially reaching them, hence why it was mentioned at FOSE. Though the NSA was said to have considered any computer with windowing technology to be "doomed", computers infected by AF/91 could last up to four years if used very infrequently due to the virus' neural network requiring continuous use to learn, potentially long enough for the NSA to develop dedicated antivirus software to counter AF/91.[1]
At the end of the article, Gantz revealed the secret of what "AF/91" meant: "91 is the Julian Date for April Fool's Day."[1]
Further additions
Over time, several apocryphal additions were made to the story of AF/91 that were not present in Gantz's original article, including that:
- A U.S. Army Special Forces unit inserted the virus into a dug-up fiber-optic cable connected to Iraqi air defenses[2]
- The software AF/91 was installed on was specifically a computer chip[2]
- AF/91 was installed in the printer itself, not separate software that came with it[2][3]
- The Iraqi system targeted was Kari, the actual Iraqi Armed Forces command and control system[3]
- The printers used in the operation were French[4]
- AF/91 actually failed, being destroyed after the U.S. Air Force bombed the building storing it[5]
Media misinterpretation
Though AF/91 was intended as a joke, several news outlets reported AF/91's existence as though it was real, with the story presented as an early example of cyberwarfare. Media outlets said to have reported on AF/91 as fact included the Associated Press, CNN, Nightline, and several American newspapers such as The Commercial Appeal.[2][6] Others that erroneously presented AF/91 as real included Popular Mechanics in their March 1999 issue,[4] author James Adams in his 1998 book The Next World War,[5] and a Hudson Institute analyst in a paper about Russian cyberwarfare.[2]
In U.S. News & World Report's 1992 book Triumph Without Victory: The Unreported History of the Persian Gulf War, one section described AF/91 as though it was real, although it was not referred to by name.[7] When questioned on the topic, writer Brian Duffy claimed his sources were unnamed "senior level intelligence officers", and stated he had "no doubt" that AF/91 existed.[2][6]
Legacy
Technology writer George Smith, remarking on the wide acceptability of AF/91's existence as fact in spite of clear evidence of its fictional nature, wrote in his SecurityFocus column that he believed it resulted from "a creepy enthusiasm" for unusual weapons, the competitiveness of the media to report "the hot scoop", and the "uniquely American" belief that technology is the answer to everything.[2]
In 2010, InfoWorld revisited Gantz's story, this time reporting that viruses similar to AF/91 had actually been developed. The real unnamed viruses, Trojan horses developed for penetration testing, were cloaked in printers and other office equipment similar to how the original article said AF/91 was smuggled into Iraq, with such viruses often effective against Windows and Linux systems.[8][9]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Gantz, John (April 1, 1991). "Meta-Virus Set to Unleash Plague on Windows 3.0 Users". InfoWorld. Diakses tanggal November 13, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g Smith, George (March 10, 2003). "Iraqi Cyberwar: an Ageless Joke". SecurityFocus. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 5, 2003. Diakses tanggal November 13, 2015.
- ^ a b "Email". Granite Island Group. February 12, 2003. Diakses tanggal November 13, 2015.
- ^ a b Wilson, Jim (March 1999). "Information Warfare". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Communications. Diakses tanggal February 17, 2023.
- ^ a b Adams, James (1998). The Next World War: Computers Are the Weapons and the Front Line Is Everywhere. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83452-9. OCLC 38976269.
- ^ a b Hambling, David (May 2, 2000). "Pentagon's 'Kill Switch': Urban Myth?". Wired (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 1059-1028. Diakses tanggal February 17, 2023.
- ^ U.S. News & World Report (February 4, 1992). Triumph Without Victory: The Unreported History of the Persian Gulf War (edisi ke-1st). New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-1948-3. OCLC 24503100.
- ^ Lemos, Robert (December 1, 2010). "Attack of the Trojan printers". InfoWorld (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal February 17, 2023.
- ^ Moynihan, Michael (May 29, 2013). "You're Being Hacked". Newsweek (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal February 17, 2023.