Orang Indonesia Amerika
Indonesian Americans comprise immigrants from the multiethnic country of Indonesia to the United States, and their U.S.-born descendants.[1] As of the 2000 United States Census, they were the 15th largest group of Asian Americans.[2] That census showed 63,073 people who identified themselves as Indonesians residing in the United States.[2]
| Daerah dengan populasi signifikan | |
|---|---|
| California, Northeast, West Coast | |
| Bahasa | |
| American English, Indonesian | |
| Agama | |
| Islam, Christianity, others |
Migration history
Indonesian international students came to the United States in significant numbers as early as the mid-1950s, beginning with a 1953 International Cooperation Administration (now U.S. Agency for International Development) program to allow University of Indonesia medical faculty to pursue higher studies at the University of California, Berkeley.[1] Permanent settlement in the U.S. began to grow in 1965, due to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which opened the door to Asian migration, and the violent and chaotic Transition to the New Order in Indonesia, which spurred emigration from that country.[3] Between 1980 and 1990, the number of Indonesians in the United States tripled, reaching 30,085.[4] A large proportion live in Southern California: 29,710 respondents to the 2000 census who listed "Indonesian" as one of their ethnicities lived there.[5]
Demography
Ethnicity
The first Indonesians to move to Southern California were Indos (Indonesians of mixed pribumi and European descent).[6] However, the majority of Indonesians who came in the 1960s were of Chinese descent.[7] Unofficial estimates suggest that as many as 60% of the Indonesians in Southern California are of Chinese descent.[8] Interracial marriage is not uncommon, especially among the young, though the elderly often prefer that their children marry other Indonesians.[9]
Religion
A large proportion of Indonesians in the U.S. are Christian, though Muslims are also present.[10] The first Indonesian church in the U.S. was a Seventh-day Adventist Church established in Glendale, California in 1972 with a predominantly Indo congregation; however, as more pribumi migrants joined the church, racial tensions arose, and the Indos withdrew to other churches. The second Indonesian church to be founded in the U.S. was a Baptist church, started by an ethnic Chinese pastor and with a predominantly ethnic Chinese congregation.[11] By 1988, there were 14 Indonesian Protestant congregations; ten years later, that number had grown to 41, with two Indonesian Catholic congregations as well.[12]
Media
Indonesians have founded a number of publications in California. The earliest was the Indonesian Journal, founded in 1988, and published primarily in the Indonesian language.[13] Others include the Loma Linda-based Actual Indonesia News (founded 1996, also in Indonesian), and the Glendora-based Indonesia Media (founded 1998).[14] Los Angeles-based monthly The Indonesia Letter has the largest circulation.[15]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ a b Yang 2001, hlm. 898-899
- ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamacensus - ^ Cunningham 2009, hlm. 93
- ^ Cunningham 2009, hlm. 92
- ^ Cunningham 2009, hlm. 93
- ^ Cunningham 2009, hlm. 97
- ^ Yang 2001, hlm. 899
- ^ Cunningham 2009, hlm. 95
- ^ Yang 2001, hlm. 902
- ^ Cunningham 2009, hlm. 95
- ^ Cunningham 2009, hlm. 97-98
- ^ Cunningham 2009, hlm. 98
- ^ Cunningham 2009, hlm. 92
- ^ Cunningham 2009, hlm. 92
- ^ Yang 2001, hlm. 904
Sources
- Yang, Eveline (2001), "Indonesian Americans", dalam Lehman, Jeffrey, Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, 2 (edisi ke-second), Gale Group, hlm. 897–905, ISBN 9780787639860
- Barnes, Jessica S.; Bennett, Claudette E. (2002), The Asian Population: 2000 (PDF), U.S. Census 2000, U.S. Department of Commerce, diakses tanggal 2009-09-30
- Cunningham, Clark E. (2009), "Unity and Diversity among Indonesian Migrants to the United States", dalam Ling, Huping, Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans, Rutgers University Press, hlm. 90–125, ISBN 9780813543420
Further reading
- Wijaya, Juliana (2006), "Indonesian Heritage Learners' Profiles: A Preliminary Study of Indonesian Heritage Language Learners at UCLA" (PDF), Journal of Southeast Asian Language Teaching, 12: 1–14