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[[File :-- 180.242.43.222 October 18, 2011 10:35 (UTC) Contoh.jpg <ref> cultural arts </ ref >]] Printmakingis a branchthe process of making art works using a technique print, usually on the Unless . paper on the technique Monotype, the process is able to create copies of the same work in large quantities, This is called by the print process. Each copy of the work known as the 'impression'. Painting or drawing, on the other hand, creating a unique original artwork. Prints are created from the surface of a material, technically called a matrix. Matrix commonly used are: metal plate, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etch; stone used for lithography;woodcut wooden planks for wood cukil/[[]] . There are many more other materials used in this artwork. Each printout is usually regarded as a work of original art, not a copy. The works are printed from a plate create an edition, in the modern art of each work is signed and numbered to indicate that the work is limited edition.

Mount Fuji, fromThirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji ), cukilan colored wood works of Katsushika Hokusai

Media

Graphic artists work using a variety of media from the traditional until contemporary , including ink air-water base, watercolor, ink, air-base oil, oil pastel, and pigment water-soluble solids such as Caran D'Ache crayons. Graphic artwork created on the surface called a plate. Techniques using digital methods are becoming increasingly popular today. Surface or matrix which is used in creating graphic works include board of wood, metal plates, sheets glass acrylic, sheet linoleum or stone lithography. Another technique called serigrafi or screen printing (screen-printing') using a porous fabric sheet stretched on a frame, called ascreen. Prints can be made even smaller by using a potato or yam surface.

Color == == Author's graphic prints give color to them in many ways. Often coloring - in etching, screen printing, wood and linocut cukil - applied by using a plate, a board or a separate screen or by using a reductionist approach. In a multi-plate staining technique, there are a number plate, screen or boards, which each produce a different color. Each plate, screen or separate boards will be given a different colored ink is then applied to a certain stage to produce the overall picture. Average used 3 to 4 plates, but sometimes a graphic artist with up to seven plates. Each application of color will interact with other colors that have been applied to the paper, so previous to think about color separations. The brightest colors are usually applied first and then to a darker color.

Reductionist approach to generate the color begins with a wooden board or lino is empty or with a simple scratch. Then the artist mencukilnyafurther, giving another color and print it again. Section lino or wood dicukil will expose (not overwrite) color that has been printed before.

Pada graphics techniques such as chine-Colle or Monotype, pegrafis sometimes only paint colors like a painter and then printed.

The concept of subtractive color which is also used in printing offset or digital printing, in the software vektorial such as Macromedia Freehand, CorelDraw, or Adobe Illustrator or ' bitmapfeatured in CMYK or any other color space.

Techniques

Overview

Printmaking techniques can be divided into basic categories as follows:

Print reliefs, where the ink is on the original surface of matrix. relief techniques include: cukil wood, wood engraving, cukil linoleum / linocut, and cukil metal / metalcut.

Intaglio, the ink under the surface of the matrix. These techniques include: engraving, etch, mezzotint, aquatint, chine-Colle and drypoint;

Planografi where the matrix surface is fixed, only got special treatment in certain parts to create the image / picture. These techniques include: lithography, Monotype and digital techniques

Stencils, including screen printing andpochoir .

Other techniques in graphic art that is not including in this group is 'kolografi' (print technique using collage), digital processes includinggiclee , the medium of photography as well as a combination of digital and conventional processes.

Most of the above techniques can also be combined, especially those in the same category. For example, the work of Rembrandt usually are easily print called "etching", but often used the technique of engraving and drypoint, and sometimes even nothing at all of his etchings.

Wood cukil === ===

cukil wood

Cukil wood, is one technique relief printing, is the earliest printmaking technique, and is the only traditionally used in East Asia. The possibility was first developed as a tool to create a print pattern on the fabric, and in the 5th century in China used to print text and images on paper. Cukil engineering wood on paper developed around 1400 in Europe, and some time later in Japan. In these two places, wood cukil technique widely used to create images without the text.

Artist make the first sketch on a piece of wooden board, or on paper which is then transferred to a wooden board. Traditional, artists and then submit the design to a specific cukil experts, who use sharp tools to mencukil the board that will not get ink. High surface part of the board then inked using theroller, then the sheet paper, which may be a little damp, put under the board. Then the boards rubbed withBaren(a tool used in Japan) or spoon, or through the press equipment. If using multiple colors, use separate boards for each color.

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artist who uses this technique:

Albrecht Dürer, Werner Drewes, Hiroshige, Hokusai. </ Div> clear="all">

Berkas:Melencolia I (Durero). Jpg

"Melancholia I", engraving works of Albrecht Dürer, one of the graphic artist.

Engraving === ===

This process was developed in Germany around the year 1430 from the engraving (engraving fine) used by the goldsmiths to decorate their work. use a device called a Burin is a complex skill.

Engraving tool makers wear of hardened metal calledBurinto carve designs into the metal surface, using traditional copper plate. Carving tool has a variety of shapes and sizes produce the kind of different lines.

The entire surface of the inked plate, then the ink is cleaned from the surface, leaving behind only the ink in the engraved lines. Then the plate is placed on a high pressure press tools along with a sheet of paper (often moistened to soften). The paper then takes the ink from the lines of engraving (engraved section), resulting in a printed publication.

Etching === ===

"Her sleep Thoughts create monsters" etching and aquatint works Francisco Goya

Etching

Etching ]]'[[ is part of a group of techniques intaglio along with engraving, drypoint, mezzotint and aquatint. This process is believed that the inventors are Daniel Hopfer (about 1470-1536) of Augsburg, Germany, who decorated armor with this technique. Etching and engraving as a medium to rival the popular graphic art. The good news is, unlike engraving which requires special skills in carpentry metal, etching is relatively easy to learn by artists who are used to draw.

Etching prints are generally linear and often have fine detail and contours. Outline varies from smooth to rough. Etching techniques as opposed to wood cukil technique, the etching of the high surface-free ink, hold the lower surface of the ink. At first sheet metal plate (normally copper, zinc or steel) covered with a layer of wax kind. Then the artist scratching the coating with a sharp etching needle, so that the metal part is open. Plate is then dipped in a solution of acid or acid solution is added to on it. Acid will erode parts of the etched plate (the metal part that is open / not coated). After that, the remaining layers of the plate is cleaned, and the subsequent printing process similar to the engraving process.

Three Cross, etch works Rembrandt

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artist who uses this technique:

Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, Francisco Goya, Whistler, Jim Dine, Otto Dix, James Ensor, Lucian Freud, Paul Klee, Einar Hakonarson, Edward Hopper, Horst Janssen, Käthe Kollwitz, Mauricio Lasansky, Brice Marden, Henri Matisse, Giorgio Morandi, Pablo Picasso, Peter Milton, Paula Rego and Cy Twombly. </ Div> clear="all">

Mezzotint === ===

One other way in the techniques of intaglio in which the first metal plate was made rough surface evenly; images generated with curry smooth surfaces, creating images made from dark to light. It may also create images with only a limited section mengkasarkan, working from light to dark colors.

Mezzotint is known for the quality of its rich tone: first, because the surface evenly dikasarkan withstand a lot of ink, resulting in a solid color prints, secondly, because the process of refining the texture by using a Burin, or other device producing smooth gradations to develop tone.

Mezzotint method invented by Ludwig von Siegen (1609-1680). This process is widely used in Britain from the mid-eighteenth century, to reproduce photos and paintings.

=== === Aquatint

aquatint

Is a variation of the etching. Such as etching, aquatint using acid to create an image printed on a metal plate. In the etching technique used a needle to create a line that will be concentrated color ink, aquatint uses powdered resin that resists acid to create a tonal effect.

Most graphic works Goya using the technique of aquatint.

Drypoint === ===

drypoint

A variation of the engraving, done with a pointed tool, not by means of Burin form "v". While at the engraving is very fine lines and sharp edged, drypoint scratching leaves a rough impression on the edge of the line. This gives the impression of the quality characteristics of soft lines, and sometimes vague impression, in drypoint. Because the pressure of the press tool to quickly destroy that impression, drypoint is useful only for a very small number of editions; about ten to twenty works. To overcome this, the use of electro-plating (coating electrically with other metals) has been done since the nineteenth century to harden the surface of the plate.

This technique apparently discovered by a south German fifteenth century artist who has a nickname Housebook Master, where all his works using drypoint. Among the artists'old master print that uses this technique: Albrecht Dürer produced 3 drypoint work before it finally stopped using it; Rembrandt often used, but usually combined etching and engraving.

Lithography === ===

'La Goulue, poster lithography works Toulouse-Lautrec .

Lithography is a technique invented in the year 1798 by Alois Senefelder and based on the chemical properties of oil and water do not mix. Used a porous surface, usually a type of rock called limestone / limestone; image is created on the surface of the stone with a greasy medium. Then do the acidification, to transfer the oil into the stone, so that the image 'burned' on the surface. Then coated with gum arabic, water soluble material, cover the surface of the stone that is not covered picture medium (oil based). Stone then wetted, the water will be on the surface not covered with medium was oil-based image: later stone-roll with oil-based ink to the entire surface; because of the nature of the oil on the water refused to ink the ink just stick to the oily portion of the image. Then a piece of damp paper is placed on the surface, the image / images are transferred to paper using press equipment. Lithography technique known for its ability to capture gradations fine and a very small detail.

Variations of this technique is a photo-lithography, in which images captured by photographic processes on metal plate; then printing is done in the same way.

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artist who uses this technique:

George Bellows, Pierre Bonnard, Honoré Daumier, M.C. Escher, Ellsworth Kelly, Willem de Kooning, Joan Miró, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde, Pablo Picasso, Odilon Redon, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Stow Wengenroth

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Print Filter === ===

Also known as screen printing or silk screening serigrafi create solid color by using the technique stencil. At first artist to draw a file on a sheet of paper or plastic (sometimes used also movie.) Image is then hollowed out to create a stencil. (The part that is hollow section to be colored.) Ascreenmade from a piece of cloth (originally used to using silk) is stretched on wooden frames. The next stencil is placed on the screen. Then the screen placed on dry paper or cloth. The ink is poured on the side of the screen. A Rakel of the rubber used to flatten the ink across the screen, above the stencil, and leading to the paper or fabric. Screen removed when the image is transferred onto the paper / cloth. Each color requires a separate stencil. Screen can be used again after cleaning.

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artist who uses this technique:

Josef Albers, Chuck Close, Ralston Crawford, Robert Indiana, Roy Lichtenstein, Julian Opie, Robert Rauschenberg, Bridget Riley, Edward Ruscha, and Andy Warhol. </ Div> clear="all">

Digital Printing === ===

Digital printing refers to theimage/ image created by a computer using drawings, other printing techniques, photographs, light pen'andtablet, and so on. These images can be printed on a variety of materials including paper, cloth or plastic canvas. Accurate color reproduction is key to distinguishing between high-quality digital prints with low quality. Metallic colors (gold, silver) are difficult to reproduce accurately because it will bounce off and turning the light on a digital scanner. High-quality digital prints are usually reproduced by using the data files were very high resolution with high-precision printers.

Digital printing can be printed on a standard desktop printer paper and then transferred to thetraditionalart paper (eg, Velin Arch or Stonehenge 200gsm). One way to transfer files is to put the printed surface facing,artpaperand then smeared with Wintergreen oilin the back of the mold, then pressed.

Sociologist Jean Baudrillard has a major influence in digital graphic art through theory diuraikannya insimulacra and Simulation .

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artist who uses this technique:

Istvan Horkay ,Zazie (surrealist artist) </ Div> clear="all">

External links

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[[Category: Printmaking |]]

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Daftar isi

Media

Techniques

Overview

See also

External links