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Lembah Silikon

Revisi sejak 13 Juli 2012 10.10 oleh Trivin 2024 (bicara | kontrib) (→Asal nama)

Silicon Valley (terj. harfiah: Lembah Silikon) adalah julukan bagi daerah selatan dari San Francisco Bay Area, California Amerika Serikat. Julukan ini diraih karena daerah ini memiliki banyak perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang komputer dan semikonduktor. Daerahnya termasuk San Jose, Santa Clara, Sunnyvale, Palo Alto, dll.

Perusahaan-perusahaan yang sekarang menghuni Lembah Silikon, di antara lain adalah: Adobe Systems, Apple Computer, Cisco Systems, eBay, Google, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, dan Yahoo!.

Asal nama

Nama Silicon Valley pertama kali digunakan oleh Ralph Vaerst, entrepreneur sukses di Central California. Penggunaan secara tertulis pertama kali oleh Don Hoefler, teman Ralph Vaerst, yang menggunakan nama ini sebagai judul sebuah seri artikel di koran mingguan Electronic News. Seri artikel ini berjudul "Silicon Valley in the USA" dan mulai ditulis pada edisi 11 Januari 1971 koran ini. Nama Silicon Valley dipahami dan digunakan secara luas baru sejak tahun 1980an, berkaitan erat dengan pengenalan produk IBM PC, dan banyak hardware dan software yang terkait, kepada konsumer. Kata Valley berasal dari Santa Clara Valley, yang berlokasi di ujung selatan San Francisco Bay, dan kata Silicon berasal dari tingginya konsentrasi perusahaan yang terlibat dalam industri semikonduktor (silikon digunakan untuk membuat produk semikonduktor komersial) dan komputer di area tersebut. Perusahaan-perusahan tersebut perlahan-lahan menggantikan perkebunan yang dari mana nama awal daerah ini, the Valley of Heart's Delight, berasal.

Sejarah

"Perhaps the strongest thread that runs through the Valley's past and present is the drive to "play" with novel technology, which, when bolstered by an advanced engineering degree and channeled by astute management, has done much to create the industrial powerhouse we see in the Valley today."[1]

 
Looking west over northern San Jose (downtown is at far left) and other parts of Silicon Valley

Stanford University, its affiliates, and graduates have played a major role in the development of this area.[2] Some examples include the work of Lee De Forest with his invention of a pioneering vacuum tube called the Audion and the oscilloscopes of Hewlett-Packard.

Berkembangnya Silicon Valley ditemani oleh kuatnya solidaritas regional. Sejak tahun 1890an, Universitas Stanford telah menetapkan misinya untuk melayani Barat dan membetuk universitas tersebut sesuai dengan misinya. Pada saat bersamaan, eksploitasi Barat oleh timur mendorong usaha untuk membuat industri lokal yang swasembada. Karena itu dapat dikatakan bahwa regionalisme membantu menyejajarkan misi Stanford dengan misi perusahaan-perusahaan high-tech di daerah tersebut pada awal dari 50 tahun berkembangnya Silicon Valley.[3]

Antara tahun 1940an dan 1950an, Frederick Terman, dekan fakultas Teknik Universitas Stanford, memberi dorongan pada pengajar dan lulusannya untuk mendirikan perusahaan sendiri. Frederick Terman berperan dalam membesarkan Hewlett-Packard, Varian Associates, dan perusahaan high-tech lainnya, hingga Silicon Valley yang kita ketahui saat ini berkembang di sekeliling kampus Universitas Stanford. Frederick Terman sering disebut sebagai "the father of Silicon Valley."

Antara 1955-85, solid state technology research and development di Stanford University mengambil perannya dalam tiga periode inovasi industri yang dimungkinkan oleh dukungan perusahaan swasta, terutama Bell Telephone Laboratories, Shockley Semiconductor, Fairchild Semiconductor, dan Xerox PARC. Pada 1969 Stanford Research Institute (sekarang SRI International), berfungsi sebagai satu dari empat original nodes yang membentuk ARPANET, pendahulu dari Internet.[4]

Social roots of information technology revolution

It was in Silicon Valley that the silicon-based integrated circuit, the microprocessor, the microcomputer, among other key technologies, were developed. The region employs about a quarter of a million information technology workers.[butuh rujukan] Silicon Valley was formed as a milieu of innovations by the convergence on one site of new technological knowledge; a large pool of skilled engineers and scientists from major universities in the area; generous funding from an assured market with the Defense Department; the development of an efficient network of venture capital firms; and, in the very early stage, the institutional leadership of Stanford University.[5]

Roots in radio and military technology

The San Francisco Bay Area had long been a major site of United States Navy research and technology. In 1909, Charles Herrold started the first radio station in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in San Jose. Later that year, Stanford University graduate Cyril Elwell purchased the U.S. patents for Poulsen arc radio transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) in Palo Alto. Over the next decade, the FTC created the world's first global radio communication system, and signed a contract with the Navy in 1912.[1]

In 1933, Air Base Sunnyvale, California, was commissioned by the United States Government for use as a Naval Air Station (NAS) to house the airship USS Macon in Hangar One. The station was renamed NAS Moffett Field, and between 1933 and 1947, U.S. Navy blimps were based there.[6] A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett Field to serve the Navy. When the Navy gave up its airship ambitions and moved most of its west coast operations to San Diego, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA, forerunner of NASA) took over portions of Moffett Field for aeronautics research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms, such as Lockheed.

Stanford Industrial Park

After World War II, universities were experiencing enormous demand due to returning students. To address the financial demands of Stanford's growth requirements, and to provide local employment opportunities for graduating students, Frederick Terman proposed the leasing of Stanford's lands for use as an office park, named the Stanford Industrial Park (later Stanford Research Park). Leases were limited to high technology companies. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to build military radar components. However, Terman also found venture capital for civilian technology start-ups. One of the major success stories was Hewlett-Packard. Founded in Packard's garage by Stanford graduates William Hewlett and David Packard, Hewlett-Packard moved its offices into the Stanford Research Park slightly after 1953. In 1954, Stanford created the Honors Cooperative Program to allow full-time employees of the companies to pursue graduate degrees from the University on a part-time basis. The initial companies signed five-year agreements in which they would pay double the tuition for each student in order to cover the costs. Hewlett-Packard has become the largest personal computer manufacturer in the world, and transformed the home printing market when it released the first ink jet printer in 1984. In addition, the tenancy of Eastman Kodak and General Electric made Stanford Industrial Park a center of technology in the mid-1990s.[7]

Silicon transistor and birth of the Silicon Valley

In 1953, William Shockley left Bell Labs in a disagreement over the handling of the invention of the transistor. After returning to California Institute of Technology for a short while, Shockley moved to Mountain View, California in 1956, and founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed that silicon was the better material for making transistors. Shockley intended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the Shockley diode), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end research on the silicon transistor. As a result of Shockley's abusive management style, eight engineers left the company to form Fairchild Semiconductor; Shockley referred to them as the "traitorous eight." Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, would go on to found Intel.[8][9]

Law firms

The rise of Silicon Valley was also bolstered by the development of appropriate legal infrastructure to support the rapid formation, funding, and expansion of high-tech companies, as well as the development of a critical mass of litigators and judges experienced in resolving disputes between such firms. From the early 1980s onward, many national (and later international) law firms opened offices in San Francisco and Palo Alto in order to provide Silicon Valley startups with legal services. Furthermore, California law has a number of quirks which help entrepreneurs establish startups at the expense of established firms, such as a nearly absolute ban on non-compete clauses in employment agreements.

Venture capital firms

By the early 1970s, there were many semiconductor companies in the area, computer firms using their devices, and programming and service companies serving both. Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive. The growth was fueled by the emergence of the venture capital industry on Sand Hill Road, beginning with Kleiner Perkins in 1972; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $1.3 billion IPO of Apple Computer in December 1980.

The rise of software

Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in recent years for innovations in software and Internet services. Silicon Valley has significantly influenced computer operating systems, software, and user interfaces.

Using money from NASA and the United States Air Force, Doug Engelbart invented the mouse and hypertext-based collaboration tools in the mid-1960s, while at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). When Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center declined in influence due to personal conflicts and the loss of government funding, Xerox hired some of Engelbart's best researchers. In turn, in the 1970s and 1980s, Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) played a pivotal role in object-oriented programming, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Ethernet, PostScript, and laser printers.

While Xerox marketed equipment using its technologies, for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere. The diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to 3Com and Adobe Systems, and indirectly to Cisco, Apple Computer and Microsoft. Apple's Macintosh GUI was largely a result of Steve Jobs' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key personnel.[10] Cisco's impetus stemmed from the need to route a variety of protocols over Stanford's campus Ethernet.

Internet bubble

Silicon Valley is generally considered to have been the center of the dot-com bubble which started from the mid-1990s and collapsed after the NASDAQ stock market began to decline dramatically in April 2000. During the bubble era, real estate prices reached unprecedented levels. For a brief time, Sand Hill Road was home to the most expensive commercial real estate in the world, and the booming economy resulted in severe traffic congestion.

Even after the dot-com crash, Silicon Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and development centers in the world. A 2006 The Wall Street Journal story found that 12 of the 20 most inventive towns in America were in California, and 10 of those were in Silicon Valley.[11] San Jose led the list with 3,867 utility patents filed in 2005, and number two was Sunnyvale, at 1,881 utility patents.[12]

Lihat pula

Pusat teknologi di AS

Pusat teknologi internasional

Pranala luar

  1. ^ a b Timothy J. Sturgeon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Timothy J. Sturgeon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology SV GlobalizationPDF (90.0 KiB)
  2. ^ Markoff, John (2009-04-17). "Searching for Silicon Valley". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-17. 
  3. ^ Stephen B. Adams, "Regionalism in Stanford's Contribution to the Rise of Silicon Valley," Enterprise & Society 2003 4(3): 521-543
  4. ^ Christophe Lécuyer, "What Do Universities Really Owe Industry? The Case of Solid State Electronics at Stanford," Minerva: a Review of Science, Learning & Policy 2005 43(1): 51-71
  5. ^ The Information Technology Revolution by Marvel Castells (On the history of formation of Silicon Valley by Rogers and Larsen 1984 and Malone 1985)
  6. ^ moffettfieldmuseum
  7. ^ 1984 printer
  8. ^ Goodheart July 2, 2006
  9. ^ Silicon Valley: 110 Year Renaissance, McLaughlin, Weimers, Winslow 2008.
  10. ^ Graphical User Interface (GUI) from apple-history.com
  11. ^ Reed Albergotti, "The Most Inventive Towns in America," Wall Street Journal, 22–23 July 2006, P1.
  12. ^ Ibid.
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