Uposatha
Hari Uposatha (Sanskerta: Upavasatha) merupakan hari dimana umat Buddha melakukan perenungan dan pengamatan yang sudah dilakukan sejak masa kehidupan Buddha Gautama dan masih dipraktekkan hingga hari ini.[1][2] Buddha mengajarkan bahwa hari Uposatha diperuntukkan "membersihkan pikiran dari hal-hal kotor," yang menyebabkan ketenangan batin dan kebahagiaan.[3] Pada hari ini, umat awam (upasaka/upasika) dan para biksu/biksuni secara intensif akan berlatih ajaran Buddha dan memperdalam pengetahuan mereka.
Hari Pengamatan
Tergantung dengan budaya dan tanggalnya, hari uposatha biasa dilakukan dari tanggal 2 sampai dengan 6 setiap bulannya.
Negara-Negara Theravada
Secara umum, Uposatha dilakukan sekali dalam seminggu di negara-negara TheravadaKesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> harus ditutup oleh </ref>
| Bulan | Pali | Sanskrit | Burmese | Sinhala | Thai |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Januari | Phussa | Puṣya | Pyatho | Duruthu | Pusaya (ปุศยะ) |
| Februari | Māgha | Maghā | Tabodwe | Navam | Makha (มาฆะ) |
| Maret | Phagguṇa | Phalgunī | Tabaung | Medin (Maedhin) | Pholkuni (ผลคุณี) |
| April | Citta | Chitrā | Tagu | Bak | Chittra (จิตรา) |
| Mei | Visākhā | Viśākhā | Kason | Vesak | Visakha (วิสาขา) |
| Juni | Jeṭṭhā | Jyeṣṭha | Nayon | Poson | Chetta (เชษฐา) |
| Juli | Āsāḷhā | Aṣāḍhā | Waso | Esala (Aesala) | Asarnha (อาสาฬหะ) |
| Agustus | Sāvana | Śrāvaṇa | Wagaung | Nikini | Savana (สาวนะ) |
| September | Poṭṭhapāda | Bhādrapadā | Tawthalin | Binara | Phattarapratha (ภัทรปทา) |
| Oktober | Assayuja | Aśvinī | Thadingyut | Vap | Assavani (อัศวนี) |
| November | Kattikā | Kṛttikā | Tazaungmon | Il | Krittika (กฤติกา) |
| Desember | Māgasira | Mṛgaśiras | Natdaw | Unduvap | Maruekasira (มฤคศิระ) |
Sejarah
Kata "uposatha" berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta "upavasatha," yang mengacu pada hari puasa Vedic. Pada masa kehidupan Buddha Gautama, beberapa pertapa menggunakan bulan baru dan bulan purnama sebagai kesempatan untuk mengajarkan ajaran. Hari Uposatha kemudian ditetapkan oleh Buddha Gautama atas permohonan Raja Bimbisara, dan Buddha menginstruksikan kepada para biksu dan biksuni untuk memberikan ajaran (ceramah) kepada para penduduk di hari tersebut. Buddha juga menginstruksikan kepada murid-muridnya untuk mengulangi Patimokkha.[4]
Hari Uposatha Spesial
Secara umum terdapat empat hari uposatha spesial bagi kalangan umat Buddha, yaitu hari Uposatha di bulan Magha, Waisak, Asadha dan Kathina.
Lihat Juga
Notes
- ^ For a description of the contemporary practice of the Uposatha in Thailand, see Khantipalo (1982a), which is also excerpted in this article below. Kariyawasam (1995), ch. 3, also underlines the continuity of the ancient uposatha practice in Sri Lanka: "The poya [Sinhala for uposatha] observance, which is as old as Buddhism itself, has been followed by the Sinhala Buddhists up to the present day, even after the Christian calendar came to be used for secular matters. Owing to its significance in the religious life of the local Buddhists, all the full-moon days have been declared public holidays by the government."
- ^ The uposatha day is sometimes likened to the Judeo-Christian notion of the Sabbath. Pali English dictionaries that define "Uposatha" as "Sabbath," are Buddhadatta (2002), p. 63, and, and PED(Rhys-Davids & Stede,1921-25), p. 151. For an example of the Uposatha being equated with Sabbath by a modern Buddhist master, see Mahasi (undated), p. 2, where he writes: "For lay people, these rules [of discipline] comprise the eight precepts which Buddhist devotees observe on the Sabbath days (uposatha) and during periods of meditation." Harvey (1990), p. 192, also refers to the uposatha as "sabbath-like."
- ^ Thanissaro (1997b); Anguttara Nikaya 3.70: Muluposatha Sutta.
- ^ Rhys Davids & Oldenberg (1881), pp. 240-41. Also see Khantipalo (1982a) and Pali English Dictionary(Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921-25, p. 152).
Referensi
- Buddhadatta Mahathera, A. P. (2002). Concise Pali-English Dictionary. Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0605-0.
- Bullitt, John T. (2005). Uposatha Observance Days. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha.html.
- Dhammayut Order in the United States of America (1994). A Chanting Guide. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammayut/chanting.html.
- Harvey, Peter (1990). An introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, history and practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-31333-3.
- Kariyawasam, A.G.S. (1995). Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka (The Wheel Publication No. 402/404). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2007-10-22 from "Access to Insight" (1996 transcription) at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kariyawasam/wheel402.html.
- Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (1982a). Lay Buddhist Practice: The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence (The Wheel No. 206/207). Kandy, Sri Lanka:Buddhist Publication Society. Also transcribed (1995) and available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html.
- Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (trans.) (1982b). Visakhuposatha Sutta: The Discourse to Visakha on the Uposatha with the Eight Practices [AN 8.43]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.043.khan.html.
- Mahasi Sayadaw (undated). Practical Vipassana Exercises. Buddha Dharma Education Association. Available on-line at http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/mahasit1.pdf.
- Ñanavara Thera (Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya) & Bhikkhu Kantasilo (trans.) (1993). Uposatha Sila: The Eight-Precept Observance. Thailand:The Office of the Secretary of the Supreme Patriarch. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanavara/uposatha.html.
- Narada Thera (trans.) (1985). Maha-mangala Sutta: Blessings [Sn 2.4]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.04.nara.html.
- Nyanaponika Thera and Bhikkhu Bodhi (trans. and ed.) (1999). Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An Anthology of Suttas from the Anguttara Nikaya. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. ISBN 0-7425-0405-0.
- Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999a). Karaniya Metta Sutta: The Discourse on Loving-kindness [Sn 1.8]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.08.piya.html.
- Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999b). Ratana Sutta: The Jewel Discourse [Sn 2.1]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.01.piya.html.
- Rhys Davids,T.W. & Hermann Oldenberg (trans.) ([1881]). Vinaya Texts (Part I). Oxford:Clarendon Press. Available on-line at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1313.htm. The chapter on the Uposatha, "Second Khandhaka (The Uposatha Ceremony, and the Pâtimokkha)," is available at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1313.htm. The chapter on Pavarana Day, "Fourth Khandhaka (The Parâvanâ Ceremony)," is available at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1315.htm.
- Rhys Davids, T.W., and William Stede, The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary, 1921–25. Pali Text Society, London : Chipstead. The entry on "Uposatha" is available on-line at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4011.pali. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1993). Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion [SN 56.11]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html.
- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997a). Buddhavagga: Awakened [ Dhp XIV]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/dhp/dhp.14.than.html.
- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). Muluposatha Sutta: The Roots of the Uposatha [AN 3.70]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.070.than.html.
- Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (trans.) (1999). The Ten Recollections: A Study Guide. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/recollections.html.
- Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2006). Anapanasati Sutta: Mindfulness of Breathing [MN 118]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.118.than.html.
Pranala Luar
- "Buddhist Ceremonies: Festivals and Special Days", on www.buddhanet.net
- "Calendar of Uposatha Days" (2011), (2010), (2009) on www.accesstoinsight.org.
- "The Rituals and Festivals of the Buddhist Life", by Robert C. Lester (1987), on buddhistgateway.com.