Pengepungan Konstantinopel (717–718)

Penaklukan Arab Konstantinopel yang Terakhir yang terjadi pada 717–718 adalah gabungan upaya untuk merebut ibukota Kekaisaran Romawi Timur, Konstantinopel lewat darat dan laut oleh Kekhalifahan Umayyah.

Pengepungan Arab Konstantinopel yang Terakhir
Bagian dari Peperangan Romawi Timur-Arab\
Tanggal 15 Juli/Augusus 717 – 15 Agustus 718 M Lokasi Trakia, Bithynia dan Laut Marmara Hasil Kemenangan mutlak Kekaisaran Romawi Timur-Bulgaria; puncak dari Peperangan Romawi Timur-Arab.
Pihak terlibat
Kekhalifahan Umayyah	Kekaisaran Romawi Timur Khanat Bulgar
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Maslamah bin Abdul Malik Sulaiman bin Mu'adz Umar bin Hubaira	Leo III Tervel
Kekuatan
120000 orang 2560 kapal	tidak diketahui

Referensi

Kutipan

Sumber

• Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1827-8. 
• Brooks, E. W. (1899). "The Campaign of 716–718 from Arabic Sources". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. XIX: 19–33. 
• Canard, Marius (1926). "Les expéditions des Arabes contre Constantinople dans l'histoire et dans la légende". Journal Asiatique (dalam bahasa French) (208): 61–121. ISSN 0021-762X. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Crompton, Samuel Willard (1997). 100 Battles That Shaped World History. San Mateo, California: Bluewood Books. ISBN 978-0-912517-27-8. 
• Davis, Paul K. (2001). "Constantinople: August 717–15 August 718". 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. hlm. 99–102. ISBN 0-19-514366-3. 
• El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs. Cambridge, Massachusets: Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies. ISBN 0-932885-30-6. 
• Fuller, J. F. C. (1987). A Military History of the Western World, Volume 1: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto. New York City, New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30-680304-8. 
• Guilland, Rodolphe (1959). "L'Expedition de Maslama contre Constantinople (717-718)". Études byzantines (dalam bahasa French). Paris: Publications de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Paris: 109–133. OCLC 603552986. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Haldon, John F. (1990). Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture. Revised Edition. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521319171. 
• Hasluck, F. W. (1929). "LVII. The Mosques of the Arabs in Constantinople". Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, Volume 2. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. hlm. 717–735. 
• Hawting, G.R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 (edisi ke-2nd). London, United Kingdom and New York City, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24072-7. 
• Kaegi, Walter E. (2008). "Confronting Islam: Emperors versus Caliphs (641–c. 850)". Dalam Shepard, Jonathan. The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 365–394. ISBN 978-0-52-183231-1. 
• Kennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-45853-2. 
• Lewis, Bernard (2002). The Arabs in History (Sixth Edition). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280310-7. 
• Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1976). Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd (dalam bahasa German). Munich, Germany: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Mango, Cyril; Scott, Roger (1997). The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822568-7. 
• Regan, Geoffrey (2002). Battles That Changed History: Fifty Decisive Battles Spanning over 2,500 Years of Warfare. London, United Kingdom: Andre Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-05051-5. 
• Toynbee, Arnold J. (1973). Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-215253-X. 
• Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2. 
• Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0. 

Further reading

• Radic, Radivoj (18 August 2008). "Two Arabian sieges of Constantinople (674-678; 717/718)". Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople. Athens, Greece: Foundation of the Hellenic World. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2012.