Chelsea Manning
Chelsea E. Manning[3][4] (terlahir Bradley Edward Manning, 17 Desember 1987) adalah seorang tentara Amerika Serikat yang pada Juli 2013 dijatuhi pasal berlapis tentang pelanggaran tehadap Undang-undang Spionase Amerika Serikat dan lain-lain setelah membocorkan dokumen rahasia dalam jumlah besar ke publik. Ia divonis penjara 35 tahun dan dikeluarkan dari militer secara tidak hormat.[1] Ia boleh mengajukan pembebasan bersyarat setelah menjalani sepertiga masa hukumannya dan bisa dibebaskan delapan tahun setelah vonisnya jika ia berkelakuan baik di penjara.[5]
 Manning pada bulan April 2012
| |
| Lahir | 17 Desember 1987 Crescent, Oklahoma, A.S. |
|---|---|
| Dinas/cabang |  Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat |
| Masa dinas | 2007–2013 |
| Pangkat | Prajurit[1] |
| Tuduhan | Melanggar Espionage Act, mencuri properti pemerintah, melanggar Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, mengabaikan perintah (pasal berlapis)[2] |
| Masa hukuman | 35 tahun, dikeluarkan tanpa hormat, pangkat dicabut[1] |
| Penghargaan militer | National Defense Service Medal Iraq Campaign Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Army Service Ribbon Overseas Service Ribbon |
| Orang tua | Brian Manning Susan Fox |
Pada tahun 2009, Manning ditugaskan di satu unit angkatan darat dekat baghdad. Di sana ia memiliki akses ke pusat data yang digunakan pemerintah Amerika Serikat untuk mengirim informasi rahasia. Manning ditahan di Irak pada Mei 2010 setelah Adrian Lamo, seorang peretas komputer, memberitahu FBI bahwa Manning (melalui obrolan Internet) mengaku telah mengunduh material dari pusat-pusat data tersebut dan meneruskannya ke WikiLeaks. Material yang diteruskan mencakup video serangan udara Baghdad 12 Juli 2007 dan serangan udara Granai 2009 di Afghanistan; 250.000 kawat diplomatik Amerika Serikat; dan 500.000 laporan angkatan darat yang kelak dikenal dengan nama catatan Perang Irak dan catatan Perang Afghanistan.[6] Sebagian besar material ini dirilis oleh WikiLeaks atau rekan medianya antara April dan November 2010.[6]
Manning langsung dituduh melakukan 22 pelanggaran, termasuk membantu musuh, pelanggaran terberat di Amerika Serikat.[7] Ia ditahan di Marine Corps Brig, Quantico, Virginia, sejak Juli 2010 sampai April 2011 dengan status Prevention of Injury, yang mengharuskan penahanan soliter secara de facto dan pembatasan lain sehingga memunculkan kekhawatiran di dalam dan luar negeri, sebelum ditransfer ke Fort Leavenworth, tempat ia bisa berinteraksi dengan tahanan lain.[8] She pleaded guilty in February 2013 to 10 of the charges.[9] Pengadilan untuk tuduhan lainnya dimulai tanggal 3 Juni 2013. Pada 30 Juli, ia dinyatakan bersalah atas 17 tuduhan pertama dan 4 tuduhan lain yang sudah diamandemen; ia dinyatakan tidak bersalah atas tuduhan membantu musuh.[2] Pada 21 Agustus, ia dijatuhi hukuman penjara selama 35 tahun dengan kredit 1.293 hari untuk penahanan sebelum pengadilan, termasuk kredit 112 hari untuk karantinanya di Quantico.[1] Ia akan ditahan di Fort Leavenworth di Kansas di United States Disciplinary Barracks.[10]
Reaksi terhadap pembocoran, penangkapan, dan pengadilan Manning beragam. Denver Nicks, salah satu penulis biografi Manning, menulis bahwa material yang bocor tersebut, terutama kawat diplomatiknya, dipandang luas sebagai pencetus Musim Semi Arab pada Desember 2010, dan bahwa Manning dianggap sebagai Tiananmen Square Tank Man abad ke-21 dan pengkhianat yang tersakiti.[11] Sejumlah komentator membicarakan mengapa seorang prajurit AD yang tampaknya sangat tidak senang memiliki akses ke informasi rahasia, dan mengapa tindakan pengamanan gagal mencegah pengunduhan tanpa izin tersebut.[12] Reporters Without Borders mengutuk hukuman yang diterima Manning dan menyatakan bahwa ini menunjukkan betapa rentannya para pembocor rahasia dan seberat apa hukuman Amerika Serikat terhadap "siapapun yang mengungkap informasi rahasia yang menyangkut pemerintah."[13]
Manning mengalami gangguan identitas kelamin sejak kecil dan mengeluarkan pernyataan sehari setelah sidangnya bahwa ia mengaku sebagai perempuan, memilih nama Chelsea Manning, dan mengaku ingin menjalani terapi penggantian hormon.[14]
Lihat pula
Catatan
- Catatan: Sumber yang dipakai berulang-ulang atau penting bagi artikel ini dipaparkan secara pendek di subbbagian ini, layaknya sebuah buku; untuk kutipan penuh sumber-sumber tersebut, lihat subbagian Referensi di bawah. Sumber lain dikutip penuh di subbagian ini.
- ^ a b c d Tate, Julie. "Judge sentences Bradley Manning to 35 years", The Washington Post, 21 August 2013.
- ^ a b Tate, Julie and Londono, Ernesto. "Bradley Manning found not guilty of aiding the enemy, convicted on other charges", The Washington Post, 30 July 2013.
- Londono, Ernesto; Rolfe, Rebecca; and Tate, Julie. "Verdict in Bradley Manning case", The Washington Post, 30 July 2013.
- Savage, Charlie. "Manning Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy", The New York Times, 30 July 2013.
- Pilkington, Ed. "Bradley Manning verdict: cleared of 'aiding the enemy' but guilty of other charges", The Guardian, 31 July 2013: "the soldier was found guilty in their entirety of 17 out of the 22 counts against him, and of an amended version of four others."
- ^ "'I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement". today.com. 22 August 2013.
As I transition into this next phase of my life, I want everyone to know the real me. I am Chelsea Manning. I am a female. Given the way that I feel, and have felt since childhood, I want to begin hormone therapy as soon as possible. I hope that you will support me in this transition. I also request that, starting today, you refer to me by my new name and use the feminine pronoun (except in official mail to the confinement facility). I look forward to receiving letters from supporters and having the opportunity to write back.
- ^ Stamp, Scott (22 August 2013). "Bradley Manning: I want to live as a woman". today.com.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaSledge21Aug2013 - ^ a b Leigh and Harding 2011, pp. 194ff, 211.
- For Manning's referring to the documents, see Poulsen and Zetter, 6 June 2010.
- ^ Nicks, 23 September 2010.
- For the initial charges, see "Soldier faces criminal charges", United States Division – Center, Media Release, 6 July 2010.
- Also see "Charge sheet", Cryptome; and "Charge sheet", The Washington Post.
- For the additional charges, see Miklaszewski, Jim and Kube, Courtney. "Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty", MSNBC, 2 March 2011.
- ^ For the letter from the legal scholars, see Ackerman, Bruce and Benkler, Yochai. "Private Manning’s Humiliation", The New York Review of Books, retrieved 5 April 2011 (see a later correction here [1]).
- For the jail transfer, see "WikiLeaks Suspect Transferred to Fort Leavenworth", Associated Press, 20 April 2011.
- ^ "Judge accepts Manning's guilty pleas in WikiLeaks case", CBS News, February 28, 2013.
- ^ Hanna, John. Manning to Serve Sentence at Famous Leavenworth, ABC News, August 21, 2013.
- ^ For the comparisons, see Nicks 2012, p. 3, and for the Arab Spring, pp. 212–216.
- ^ For the "access to sensitive material" questions, see "The right response to WikiLeaks", The Washington Post, editorial, November 30, 2010.
- Also see Greenwald, 18 June 2010, and Nicks 2012, pp. 116–117: "Though he was a lowly private in the chain of command, the digitization of classified communications and the government's twenty-first century information-sharing initiatives conspired to him give unprecedented access to state secrets."
- ^ "Lengthy prison term for Bradley Manning". 21 August 2013. Reporters Without Borders. Diakses tanggal 22 August 2013.
- ^ Stamp, Scott (August 22, 2013). "Bradley Manning: I want to live as a woman". today.com.
Referensi
- Buku
- Brooke, Heather. The Revolution Will Be Digitised. William Heinemann, 2011.
- Domscheit-Berg, Daniel. Inside WikiLeaks. Doubleday, 2011.
- Fowler, Andrew. The Most Dangerous Man in the World. Skyhorse Publishing, 2011.
- Leigh, David and Harding, Luke. WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy. Guardian Books, 2011.
- Nicks, Denver. Private: Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and the Biggest Exposure of Official Secrets in American History. Chicago Review Press, 2012.
- Artikel penting
- Caesar, Ed. "Bradley Manning: Wikileaker", The Sunday Times, 19 December 2010; archived from the original on 7 April 2012.
- Fishman, Steve. "Bradley Manning’s Army of One", New York Magazine, 3 July 2011.
- Greenwald, Glenn. "The strange and consequential case of Bradley Manning, Adrian Lamo and WikiLeaks", Salon, 18 June 2010.
- Last, Jonathan V. "The Left's Canonization of St. Bradley Manning", CBS News, 11 January 2011.
- Manning, Bradley. "Memorandum", released by David Coombs, March 10, 2011; archived from the original on 6 April 2012.
- Nakashima, Ellen. "Bradley Manning is at the center of the WikiLeaks controversy. But who is he?", The Washington Post, 4 May 2011; archived from the original on 7 April 2012.
- Nicks, Denver. "Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks", This Land, 23 September 2010.
- PBS Frontline. "Bradley Manning's Facebook Page", March 2011; archived from the original on 7 April 2011.
- Thompson, Ginger. "Early Struggles of Soldier Charged in Leak Case", The New York Times, 8 August 2010.
- Zetter, Kim. "Jolt in WikiLeaks Case: Feds Found Manning-Assange Chat Logs on Laptop", Wired, 19 December 2011.
- Artikel penting tentang catatan obrolan Lamo-Manning, sesuai urutan waktu terbit
- Poulsen, Kevin. "Ex-Hacker Adrian Lamo Institutionalized for Asperger’s", Wired magazine, 20 May 2010.
- Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. "U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested in WikiLeaks Video Probe", Wired magazine, 6 June 2010.
- Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. 'I Can't Believe What I'm Confessing to You': The WikiLeaks Chats", Wired magazine, 10 June 2010.
- Nakashima, Ellen. "Messages from alleged leaker Bradley Manning portray him as despondent soldier", The Washington Post, 10 June 2010.
- Greenwald, Glenn. Email exchange between Glenn Greenwald and Kevin Poulsen, 14–17 June 2010.
- Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. "Three Weeks After Arrest, Still No Charges in WikiLeaks Probe", Wired magazine, 16 June 2010.
- Xeni, Jardin. "WikiLeaks: a somewhat less redacted version of the Lamo/Manning logs", Boing Boing, 19 June 2010.
- Greenwald, Glenn. "The worsening journalistic disgrace at Wired", Salon, 27 December 2010.
- Hansen, Evan and Poulsen, Kevin. "Putting the Record Straight on the Lamo-Manning Chat Logs", Wired magazine, 28 December 2010.
- Greenwald, Glenn. "Wired's refusal to release or comment on the Manning chat logs", Salon, 29 December 2010.
- Firedoglake. "Manning/WikiLeaks timeline", published as a complete version of the released excerpts, retrieved 14 March 2011; archived from the original on 28 March 2012.
- Hansen, Evan. "Manning-Lamo Chat Logs Revealed", Wired magazine, 13 July 2011; archived from the original on 28 March 2012.
- Audio/video
- Smith, Martin. "The Private Life of Bradley Manning", PBS Frontline, 7 March 2011.
- "Interview with Brian Manning", PBS, 7 March 2011 (transcript)
- "Interview with Jordan Davis", PBS, 7 March 2011 (transcript)
- Smith, Teresa et al. "The madness of Bradley Manning?", The Guardian, 27 May 2011.
Bacaan lanjutan
- Artikel
- Khatchadourian, Raffi. "No Secrets", The New Yorker, 7 June 2010.
- The Guardian. "Afghanistan: The War Logs", retrieved 9 May 2012.
- The Guardian. "Iraq: The War Logs", retrieved 9 May 2012.
- The New York Times. "The War Logs, retrieved 9 May 2012.
- Wired. "Bradley Manning", retrieved 8 May 2012.
- Buku
- Assange, Julian and O'Hagan, Andrew. Julian Assange: The Unauthorised Autobiography. Canongate, 2011.
- Madar, Chase. The Passion of Bradley Manning. OR Books, 2012.
- Mitchell, Greg and Gosztola, Kevin. Truth and Consequences: The U.S. vs. Bradley Manning. Sinclair Books, 2012.
- Audio/video
- Broom, Kyle. "Prevention of Injury (POI)", a short dramatization of the account given by Manning in her letter to the army (Manning, 10 March 2011); also see ImDb, retrieved 8 April 2012.
- Democracy Now. Bradley Manning video archive, 2011–present.
- Gavin, Patrick. "Celeb video: I am Bradley Manning", Politico, 19 June 2013.
- Gonzales, Juan and Goodman, Amy. "Glenn Greenwald on the Assange Extradition Ruling, the Jailing of Bradley Manning ...", Democracy Now!, 24 February 2011.
- Miller, Michelle. "Private", CBS News, 26 April 2012, interview with Denver Nicks, author of Private (2012), Manning's biography.
- Nicks, Denver. "Private Manning Speaks", This Land, 22 September 2010.
- Price, Tim. The Radicalisation of Bradley Manning. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012 (play), directed by John McGrath, "The Radicalisation of Bradley Manning", National Theatre Wales, 12–28 April 2012.
- Dokumen hukum
- "U.S. v Bradley Manning", scribd.com, retrieved 7 April 2012.
Pranala luar
- Chelsea Manning di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris)
- Bradley Manning Support Network