Ras Kaukasia

Istilah "ras Kaukasoid"^[1] pernah dipakai dulu untuk menunjuk fenotipe umum dari sebagian besar penghuni Eropa, Afrika Utara, Timur Tengah, Pakistan dan India Utara.^[2] Keturunan mereka juga menetap di Australia, Amerika Utara, sebagian dari Amerika Selatan, Afrika Selatan dan Selandia Baru. Anggota "ras Kaukasoid" biasa disebut "berkulit putih", walau ini tidak selalu benar. Oleh beberapa pakar misalkan orang Ethiopia dan orang Somalia, yang tengkoraknya dilihat mirip tengkorak Kaukasoid, dianggap termasuk "ras" tersebut, meski mereka berambut keriting dan berkulit hitam, ciri yang dianggap menentukan "ras Negroid".

Berkas:Skullcauc.gif

Sebuah tengkorak yang dulu dikatakan khas "ras Kaukasoid"

Pakar genetika asal Itali Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza telah membuktikan bahwa membagi manusia dalam "ras" adalah suatu usaha yang sia-sia. Dengan demikian, dari segi biologi, istilah seperti "ras Kaukasoid" dan pada umumnya, "ras manusia", tidak dianggap lagi. Fenotipe seseorang ditentukan oleh hanya sejumlah kecil gen. Secara biologis, hanya ada satu ras manusia, yaitu Homo sapiens sapiens.

Catatan

^ For a contrast with the "Mongolic" or Mongoloid race, see footnote #4 of page 58–59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.
^ The Races of Europe by Carlton Stevens Coon. From Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World - Introduction: "This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian highlands; and across Afghanistan into India."

Lihat pula

Referensi

Leroi, Armand Marie (2005-03-14). "A Family Tree in Every Gene". The New York Times. hlm. A23.
Lewonin, R. C. (2005). "Confusions About Human Races". Race and Genomics, Social Sciences Research Council. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-28.
Painter, Nell Irvin (2003). "Collective Degradation: Slavery and the Construction of Race. Why White People are Called Caucasian" (PDF). Yale University. Diakses tanggal 2006-10-09.
Risch N, Burchard E, Ziv E, Tang H (July 2002). "Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease". Genome Biol. 3 (7): comment2007.2001–12. doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007. PMC 139378  . PMID 12184798.
Rosenberg NA; Pritchard JK; Weber JL; et al. (December 2002). "Genetic structure of human populations". Science. 298 (5602): 2381–5. Bibcode:2002Sci...298.2381R. doi:10.1126/science.1078311. PMID 12493913.
Rosenberg NA, Mahajan S, Ramachandran S, Zhao C, Pritchard JK, Feldman MW (December 2005). "Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure". PLoS Genet. 1 (6): e70. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070. PMC 1310579  . PMID 16355252.
Templeton, Alan R. (September 1998). "Human races: A genetic and evolutionary perspective". American Anthropologist. 100 (3): 632–650. doi:10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.632. JSTOR 682042.
Camberg, Kim (2005-12-13). "Long-term tensions behind Sydney riots". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-03.

Literatur

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, On the Natural Varieties of Mankind (1775) — the book that introduced the concept
Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The mismeasure of man. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-01489-4. — a history of the pseudoscience of race, skull measurements, and IQ inheritability
Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.; Menozzi, Paolo (1996). The history and geography of human genes. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02905-9. — a major reference of modern population genetics
Cavalli-Sforza, LL (2000). Genes, peoples and languages. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9486-X.
Augstein, HF (1999). "From the Land of the Bible to the Caucasus and Beyond". Dalam Harris, Bernard; Ernst, Waltraud. Race, science and medicine, 1700–1960. New York: Routledge. hlm. 58–79. ISBN 0-415-18152-6.
Baum, Bruce (2006). The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: a political history of racial identity. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-9892-6.
Guthrie, Paul (1999). The Making of the Whiteman: From the Original Man to the Whiteman. Chicago, IL: Research Associates School Times. ISBN 0-948390-49-2.
Wolf, Eric R.; Cole, John N. (1999). The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21681-4.

Pranala luar

"Caucasian race". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

Artikel bertopik manusia ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] For a contrast with the "Mongolic" or Mongoloid race, see footnote #4 of page 58–59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.

[2] The Races of Europe by Carlton Stevens Coon. From Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World - Introduction: "This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian highlands; and across Afghanistan into India."

[1]

[2]