Negara-negara bawahan dan taklukan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah

Negara-negara dibawah kekuasaan Utsmaniyah
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Templat:State organisation of Ottoman Empire Vassal States were a number of tributary or vassal states, usually on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire under suzerainty of the Porte, over which direct control was not established, for various reasons.

Fungsi

Beberapa dari negara-negara ini berperan sebagai negara penyangga antara Ustmaniyah dan Kristen di Eropa atau Syi’ah di Asia.

Jumlah mereka bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu tapi yang terkemuka adalah Kekhanan Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania.

Negara-negara lain seperti Bulgaria, Kerajaan Hungaria Timur, Kedespotan Serbia, dan Kerajaan Bosnia[butuh rujukan] merupakan vassal sebelum diserap seluruhnya atau sebagian kedalam Kekaisaran.

Yang lainnya memiliki nilai komersial seperti Imeretia, Mingrelia, Chios, Kadipaten Naxos, dan Republik Ragusa (Dubrovnik).

Tempat-tempat seperti kota-kota suci dan juga Siprus dan Zante yang merupakan daerah taklukan yang berasal dari Venesia tidak dikuasai sepenuhnya.

Akhirnya, beberapa area kecil seperti Montenegro/Zeta dan Mount Lebanon tidak pantas untuk upaya penaklukan dan tidak sepenuhnya dibawah kendali pusat.

Kepangeranan Serbia kembali menjadi taklukan pada 1817, setelah menjadi begitu di abad ke-15 menyusul jatuhnya Smederevo dan aneksasi kedalam Kekaisaran Ustmaniyah.

Wujud

  • Beberapa negara dalam sistem eyalet termasuk sanjak yang dipimpin oleh sancakbey lokal (misalnya, Samtskhe, beberapa sanjak Kurdi), daerah-daerah yang diiznkanareas that were permitted to elect their own leaders (e.g., areas of Albania, Epirus, and Morea (Mani Peninsula was nominally a part of Aegean Islands Province but Maniot beys were tributary vassals of the Porte.)), or de facto independent[butuh rujukan] eyalets (e.g., the Barbaresque 'regencies' Algiers, Tunis, Tripolitania in the Maghreb, and later the Khedivate of Egypt).
  • Outside the eyalet system were states such as Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania which paid tribute to the Ottomans and over which the Porte had the right to nominate or depose the ruler, garrison rights, and foreign policy control. They were considered by the Otomans as part of Dar al-'Ahd, thus they were allowed to preserve their self-rule, and were not under Islamic law, like the empire proper; Ottoman subjects, or Muslims for that matter, were not allowed to settle the land permanently or to build mosques.[1]
  • Some states such as Ragusa paid tribute for the entirety of their territory and recognized Ottoman suzerainty.
  • Others such as the sharif of Mecca recognized Ottoman suzerainty but were subsidized by the Porte.
  • In the later period of Ottoman decline, several breakaway states from the Ottoman Empire had the status of vassal states (e.g. they paid tribute to the Ottoman Empire), before gaining complete independence. They were however de facto independent, including having their own foreign policy and their own independent military. This was the case with the principalities of Serbia Romania and Bulgaria.

There were also secondary vassals such as the Nogai Horde and the Circassians who were (at least nominally) vassals of the khans of Crimea, or some Berbers and Arabs who paid tribute to the North African beylerbeyis, who were in turn Ottoman vassals themselves.

Other states paid tribute for possessions that were legally bound to the Ottoman Empire but not possessed by the Ottomans such as the Habsburgs for parts of Royal Hungary or Venice for Zante.

Other tribute from foreign powers included a kind of “protection money” sometimes called a horde tax (similar to the Danegeld) paid by Russia or the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was usually paid to the Ottoman vassal khans of Crimea rather than to the Ottoman sultan directly.

List

 
Map showing some vassal states of the Ottoman Empire in 1683

See also

References

  1. ^ Romanian historian Florin Constantiniu points out that, on crossing into Wallachia, foreign travelers used to notice hearing church bells in every village, which were forbidden by Islamic law in the Ottoman empire. Constantiniu, Florin (2006). O istorie sinceră a poporului român (edisi ke-IV). Univers Enciclopedic Gold. hlm. 115–118. 
  2. ^ a b "An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the ... - Donald Edgar Pitcher - Google Boeken". Books.google.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-18. 
  3. ^ Constantinople 1453: the end of Byzantium p.10
  4. ^ "The Tatar Khanate of Crimea". All Empires. Diakses tanggal 9 October 2010. 
  5. ^ "The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. 2013-06-20. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-18. 
  6. ^ Palabiyik, Hamit, Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age, (Ankara, 2008), 84.
  7. ^ Ismail Hakki Goksoy. Ottoman-Aceh Relations According to the Turkish Sources (PDF). 
  8. ^ "The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy - Peter Hamish Wilson - Google Books". Books.google.com. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-18. 
  9. ^ "Princes of Transylvania". Tacitus.nu. 2008-08-30. Diakses tanggal 2013-09-18. 

Templat:Organisation of the Ottoman Empire Templat:Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire