Negara-negara bawahan dan taklukan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah

Templat:State organisation of Ottoman Empire Vassal States were a number of tributary or vassal states, usually on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire under suzerainty of the Porte, over which direct control was not established, for various reasons.

Fungsi

Beberapa dari negara-negara ini berperan sebagai negara penyangga antara Ustmaniyah dan Kristen di Eropa atau Syi’ah di Asia.

Jumlah mereka bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu tapi yang terkemuka adalah Kekhanan Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania.

Negara-negara lain seperti Bulgaria, Kerajaan Hungaria Timur, Kedespotan Serbia, dan Kerajaan Bosnia merupakan vassal sebelum diserap seluruhnya atau sebagian kedalam Kekaisaran.

Yang lainnya memiliki nilai komersial seperti Imeretia, Mingrelia, Chios, Kadipaten Naxos, dan Republik Ragusa (Dubrovnik).

Tempat-tempat seperti kota-kota suci dan juga Siprus dan Zante yang merupakan daerah taklukan yang berasal dari Venesia tidak dikuasai sepenuhnya.

Akhirnya, beberapa area kecil seperti Montenegro/Zeta dan Mount Lebanon tidak pantas untuk upaya penaklukan dan tidak sepenuhnya dibawah kendali pusat.

Kepangeranan Serbia kembali menjadi taklukan pada 1817, setelah menjadi begitu di abad ke-15 menyusul jatuhnya Smederevo dan aneksasi kedalam Kekaisaran Ustmaniyah.

Wujud

• Beberapa negara dalam sistem eyalet termasuk sanjak yang dipimpin oleh sancakbey lokal (misalnya, Samtskhe, beberapa sanjak Kurdi), daerah-daerah yang diiznkan untuk memilih pemimpin mereka sendiri (misalnya, daerah-daerah Albania, Epirus, dan Morea (Mani Peninsula secara nominal adalah bagian dari Provinsi Kepulauan Aegean tapi bey-bey Maniot merupakan bawahan taklukan dari Porte (pemerintah pusat) Ustmaniyah.)), atau de facto eyalet-eyalet independent (misalnya, kabupaten-kabupaten Barbaresque Algiers, Tunis, Tripolitania di Maghreb, dan kemudian Khedivate Mesir).

• Diluar sistem eyalet adalah negara-negara seperti Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania yang membayar upeti kepada Ottoman dan di mana Porte memiliki hak untuk mencalonkan atau menggulingkan penguasa, hak garnisun, dan kontrol kebijakan luar negeri. Mereka dianggap oleh Otomans sebagai bagian dari Dar al-'Ahd, sehingga mereka diizinkan untuk mempertahankan pemerintahan sendiri, dan tidak berada di bawah hukum Islam.

• Beberapa negara seperti Ragusa membayar upeti untuk keseluruhan wilayah mereka dan mengakui suzerainty (kekuasaan) Ottoman.

• Lainnya seperti sharif Mekah mengakui suzerainty Ottoman tapi disubsidi oleh Porte.

• Selanjutnya pada periode penurunan Ottoman, beberapa negara yang memisahkan diri dari Kekaisaran Ottoman memiliki status negara vasal (misalnya mereka membayar upeti kepada Kekaisaran Ottoman), sebelum memperoleh kemerdekaan penuh. Namun mereka de facto independen, termasuk memiliki kebijakan luar negeri mereka sendiri dan militer independen mereka sendiri. Ini adalah kasus dengan kepangeranan-kepangeranan Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.

There were also secondary vassals such as the Nogai Horde and the Circassians who were (at least nominally) vassals of the khans of Crimea, or some Berbers and Arabs who paid tribute to the North African beylerbeyis, who were in turn Ottoman vassals themselves.

Other states paid tribute for possessions that were legally bound to the Ottoman Empire but not possessed by the Ottomans such as the Habsburgs for parts of Royal Hungary or Venice for Zante.

Other tribute from foreign powers included a kind of “protection money” sometimes called a horde tax (similar to the Danegeld) paid by Russia or the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was usually paid to the Ottoman vassal khans of Crimea rather than to the Ottoman sultan directly.

List

Map showing some vassal states of the Ottoman Empire in 1683

• Byzantine Empire, ca. 1372–1403 as a vassal state, tributary from 1424 onward.
• Principality of Wallachia (Eflâk Prensliği), 1395–1397, 1417–1861 with some interruptions; briefly annexed as an eyalet from 1521–22 and 1595–96)
• Serbian Despotate (ca. 1402–1459)
• Principality of Moldavia (Boğdan Prensliği), 1456–1457, 1503–1861 with some interruptions; briefly annexed as an eyalet from 1595–96)
• Sharifate of Mecca, 1517-1803
• Crimean Khanate (Kırım Hanlığı), 1478–1774
• Kazan Khanate (Kazan Hanlığı), 1523: Kazan briefly conquered by Crimean Khanate, Sahib I Giray enthroned as Khan
• Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
• Hilaalee dynasty of The Maldives, 1565?-1597?
• Principality of Transylvania (Erdel), 1570–1692 with some interruptions
• Sultanate of Aceh, 1569-late 18th century
• Kingdom of Bohemia, briefly in 1620 under Frederick I of Bohemia
• Principality of Upper Hungary (modern-day Slovakia), 1682–1685 under Imre Thököly
• Principality of Serbia (Sırbistan Prensliği), 1817–1830; further autonomy 1833–1878
• United Principalities of Romania (Romanya Prensliği), 1862–1877
• Khedivate of Egypt (Mısır), 1867–1914: de jure under Ottoman suzerainty, in effect fully autonomous, and from 1882 a British protectorate; broke away from Ottoman suzerainty upon Ottoman entry into World War I as the Sultanate of Egypt.
• Principality of Bulgaria (Bulgaristan Prensliği), 1878–1908
• Republic of Ragusa
• Duchy of Naxos
• Principality of Samos (Sisam), 1835–1912: established as an autonomous tributary principality under a Christian governor; annexed to Greece during the First Balkan War
• Eastern Rumelia (Doğu Rumeli), 1878–1885: established by the Treaty of Berlin on 13 July 1878 as an autonomous province; joined to the tributary Principality of Bulgaria on 6 September 1885 but remained de jure under Ottoman suzerainty; independent along with the rest of Bulgaria on 5 October 1908.
• Cyprus (Kıbrıs), 1878–1914: established as a British protectorate under Ottoman suzerainty with the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878; annexed by Britain upon Ottoman entry into World War I.
• Qatar (Katar), 1872–1913
• Cretan State (Girit), 1898–1912/13: established as an internationally supervised tributary state headed by a Christian governor; in 1908 the Cretan parliament unilaterally declared union with Greece; the island was occupied by Greece in 1912, and de jure annexed in 1913
• Cossack Hetmanate: Right-bank Ukraine under the rule of Petro Doroshenko (1669—1675)
• Septinsular Republic

See also

• List of Ottoman Empire territories