Amanuensis

Amanuensis (/əˌmænjuːɛnsɪs/) adalah seseorang yang dipekerjakan untuk menulis atau mengetik apa perintah lain atau untuk menyalin apa yang telah ditulis oleh orang lain, dan juga mengacu pada orang yang menandatangani dokumen atas nama lain di bawah kewenangan yang terakhir. [1]

Kata berasal dari Roma kuno, untuk budak di layanan pribadi tuannya "dalam jangkauan tangan", melakukan perintah apapun; kemudian secara khusus diterapkan pada hamba erat dipercaya (sering membebaskanku) bertindak sebagai sekretaris pribadi. [2]

Evolusi semantik yang sama terjadi di istana Perancis, di mana Secretaire de la du utama roi, awalnya seorang pegawai rendahan yang mengkhususkan diri dalam memproduksi, pada perintah kerajaan, tanda tangan Sovereign pada dokumen lebih dari dia peduli untuk meletakkan pena untuk, berkembang menjadi Secretaires d'état, para menteri portofolio permanen pertama, dimana Inggris Sekretaris Negara akan counterpart.

Istilah ini sering digunakan secara bergantian dengan sekretaris atau juru tulis.

It is also used in a specific sense in some academic contexts, for instance when an injured or disabled person is helped by an amanuensis at a written examination. A notable case in classical music was that of Eric Fenby, who assisted the blind composer Frederick Delius in writing down the notes that Delius dictated.[3]

In the Netherlands it refers to a (technically schooled) physics or chemistry laboratory assistant responsible for preparing and assisting with laboratory demonstrations and maintaining the instruments. When employed as such in a school environment s/he will have the title of "TOA" ("technisch-onderwijsassistent", i.e. Technical Teaching Assistant).

In Norway, amanuensis is an academic rank of a lecturer without a doctorate, although this title is going out of use. Førsteamanuensis (Norwegian for "first amanuensis") is the equivalent of associate professor.

In Sweden, amanuens is used to denote roughly a teaching assistant at university who either continues with his own scientific work, or who works as an administrative assistant at the department where he or she studies. The title can also be used for a civil servant at archives or museums.[4]

In Finland, amanuenssi is an administrative employee of a university or a research institution. In universities, amanuenses can be involved with student guidance counseling, organising course activities etc.[5] In Finnish universities' schools of medicine, the title of "amanuenssi" is reserved for students working under guidance and supervision in hospitals, a mandatory part of medical studies.

The term is also used to describe one who assists an organist during a performance, by drawing and retiring stops, and by turning pages.