Devolusi
article ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. (May 2008) |
Devolusi adalah pelimpahan kekuasaan dari pemerintah pusat dari suatu negara berdaulat kepada pemerintah pada tingkat subnasional, seperti tingkat regional, lokal, atau negara bagian. Devolusi dapat diberikan terutama karena alasan keuangan, misalnya melimpahkan penyusunan anggaran daerah yang sebelumnya dikelola oleh pemerintah pusat. Namun, kekuatan untuk membuat undang-undang yang relevan bagi daerah juga dapat dijadikan alasan pemberian devolusi.
Devolusi berbeda dengan federalisme. Dalam federalisme, kekuasaan yang dilimpahkan kepada daerah hanya bersifat sementara dan pada akhirnya kekuasaan tetap berada di tangan pemerintah pusat. Badan Legislatif berhak membentuk parlemen atau dewan terdevolusi, namun parlemen ini dapat dicabut atau diamandemen oleh pemerintah pusat. Devolusi ini juga berbeda dengan desentralisasi, yang pelimpahan kekuasaannya tidak terbatas, atau hanya dibatasi pada bidang-bidang tertentu saja, seperti politik, hukum, keamanan, hubungan luar negeri, dan sebagainya.
Daftar negara kesatuan dengan devolusi
Year | State | Government type | Subdivisions article | Main regional units | Other regional units |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | Azerbaijan | Negara presiden partai dominan | Administratif divisi Azerbaijan | 10 autonomous regions, 66 rayons and 77 cities | Autonomous republic: Nakhchivan |
2009 | Bolivia | Republik Konstitusional | Departmen Bolivia | 9 departments | |
1980 | Chile | Republik | Region Chile | 15 regions | |
1949 | China | Republik Rakyat | Administratif division China | 22 provinces (Taiwan is claimed as the 23rd province), 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities | 2 special administrative regions: Hong Kong and Macau |
1991 | Colombia | Republik | Departmen Colombia | 33 departments | |
1849 | Denmark | Monarki Konstitusional | Region Denmark | 5 regions | 2 autonomous territories: Greenland and Faroe Islands |
1919 | Finlandia | Republik | Region Finlandia | 19 regions | Åland Islands |
1958 | Perancis | Republik | Region Perancis | 27 regions, of which 6 have a special degree of autonomy | |
1991 | Georgia | Republik | Administratif divisi Georgia | 9 regions (one of them declared de facto independence: Abkhazia (1999)), 1 city, and 2 autonomous republics (one of them also declared de facto independence: South Ossetia (2006)) | Adjara and South Ossetia (Tskinvali region) |
1975 | Yunani | Republik | Administratif division Yunani | 13 regions | Mount Athos |
1950 | Indonesia | Republik | Provinsi Indonesia | 34 provinces which 5 have special status | Provinces with special status: Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua |
1946 | Italy | Republik | Region Italia | 20 regions, of which 5 have a special degree of autonomy | 2 autonomous provinces |
1947 | Jepang | Monarki Konstitusional | Prefectures of Japan | 47 prefectures | |
1964 | Kenya | Republik Presidensial | Konti Kenya | 47 counties based on 47 districts, with 47 elected governors, recognized by 2010 Constitution[1] | |
1991 | Moldova | Republik | Administratif divisi Moldova | 32 districts and 3 municipalities | 2 provinces: Gagauzia and Transnistria. Transnistaria is a de facto independent state. |
1954 | Belanda | Monarki Konstitusional | Provinsi Belanda | 12 provinces and 3 special municipalities | Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten |
1986 | Selandia Baru | Kerajaan persemakmuran | Region Selandia Baru | 16 regions | Two territories in free association: Cook Islands and Niue and two dependencies: Tokelau and Ross |
1986 | Nikaragua | Republik | Departmen Nikaragua | 15 departaments | Two autonomous regions: North Atlantic and South Atlantic |
1975 | Papua Nugini | Kerajaan Persemakmuran | Provinsi Papua Nugini | 20 provinces | 1 capital territory: National Capital District and 1 autonomous region: Bougainville |
1993 | Peru | Republik | Region Peru | 25 regions | 1 province at the first order: Lima |
1987 | Filipina | Republik | Administratif divisi Filipina | 17 regions, 81 provinces, 144 cities, 1,491 municipalities, and 42,028 barangays | Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao |
1976 | Portugal | Republik | Administratif divisi Portugal | 308 municipalities | Azores and Madeira |
2006 | Serbia | Republik | Administratif divisi Serbia | 138 municipalities and 23 cities | Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija (Serbia does not recognize the independence of Kosovo) |
1978 | Kepulauan Solomon | Kerajaan Persemakmuran | Provinces of the Solomon Islands | 9 provinces | 1 capital territory: Honiara |
1996 | Afrika Selatan | Republik | Provinsi Afrika Selatan | 9 provinces | |
1948 | Korea Selatan | Republik | Administratif divisi Korea Selatan | 8 provinces and 6 cities | One special city, one special self-governing city and one special self-governing province |
1978 | Spanyol | Monarki Konstitusional | Otonomi Komunitas Spanyol (nasionalitas dan region Spain) |
17 autonomous communities of which 2 have a special degree of tax raising autonomy | 2 autonomous cities |
1992 | Tajikistan | Republik | Provinsi Tajikistan | 2 provinces, 1 autonomous province (Gorno-Badakhshan) and a zone of direct central rule (Districts of Republican Subordination). | 1 autonomous city |
1977 | Tanzania | Republik | Region Tanzania | 30 regions | Zanzibar |
1976 | Trinidad dan Tobago | Republik | Administratif divisi Trinidad dan Tobago | 9 regions and 5 municipalities | Tobago |
1996 | Ukraina | Republik | Administratif divisi Ukraine | 24 oblasts (provinces) and one autonomous republic | Crimea |
1922 | Britania Raya | Kerajaan Persemakmuran | Negara Britania Raya (Home Nations) |
4 constituent countries, of which 3 have devolved governments | |
1991 | Uzbekistan | Republik | Provinsi Uzbekistan | 9 provinces and one independent city | Qaraqalpaqstan |
Pranala luar
- Economic and Social Research Council Devolution and Constitutional Change research programme
- An Article from the BBC describing the transfer of powers from the UK Parliament to the Welsh Assembly
- ^ Constitutions of Kenya website.