Agama di Turki: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Turki secara resmi menyatakan diri sebagai negara yang menganut paham [[Sekularisme|sekular]]. Hal ini tercantum dalam amandemen konstitusi negara Turki tahun 1924.<ref name="konstitusi">http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Turkeyconstitution1924.pdf. Diakses tanggal 2017-12-08</ref> Reformasi di Turki yang dipelopori oleh [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] telah mengubah bentuk pemerintahan Turki menjadi Republik dan meresmikan pemisahan urusan agama dan urusan negara. Walaupun begitu, di Turki terdapat pendidikan agama di tingkat sekolah dasar hingga sekolah menengah milik pemerintah meskipun mata pelajaran yang diajarkan hanya pelajaran agama Islam versi Sunni. Masuknya pelajaran agama di sekolah-sekolah di Turki memicu kontroversi mengenai komitmen Turki sebagai negara sekuler. Keinginan Turki untuk bergabung dalam organisasi [[Uni Eropa]] tehambat akibat penolakan dari negara-negara Eropa lain yang mempertanyakan komitmen Turki dalam penegakan [[Hak asasi manusia|Hak Asasi Manusia]] di negarnya disamping alasan tersirat lain yang meragukan apakah sebuah 'negara muslim' seperti Turki dapat begabung dan menyesuaikan diri dalam Uni Eropa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/internasional/global/12/08/08/m8f1xy-turki-ditolak-masuk-uni-eropa-karena-islamofobia|title=Turki Ditolak Masuk Uni Eropa karena Islamofobia? {{!}} Republika Online|date=2012-08-08|newspaper=Republika Online|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-39254284|title=Lima hal seputar pertikaian Turki dan anggota Uni Eropa|date=2017-03-13|newspaper=BBC Indonesia|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref>Para politisi di Turki menyindir penolakan ini dengan menyebut Uni Eropa sebagai 'klub Kristen' yang sampai kapanpun tidak akan menerima Turki untuk bergabung sebagai bagian dari Uni Eropa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm#turkey|title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide|date=2005-12-23|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://praguemonitor.com/2017/11/14/turkish-writer-eu-christian-club-will-never-admit-turks|title=Turkish writer: EU as Christian club will never admit Turks {{!}} Prague Monitor|website=praguemonitor.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref>
== Islam ==
{{Main article|Islam di Turki}}
[[Berkas:Sabancimosque19082006.jpg|ka|jmpl|267x267px|[[Sabancı Merkez Camii]], [[Adana]], built in 1998, is the largest [[mosque]] in Turkey.]]
[[Berkas:Kartal_cemevi.jpg|ka|jmpl|An Alevi Cemevi, or house of worship, in Kartal, Istanbul]]
[[Islam]] is the religion with the largest community of followers in the country, where most of the population is [[Muslim]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3432.htm|title=Turkey|date=|website=State.gov|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref> of whom over 70% belong to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] branch of Islam, predominantly following the [[Hanafi]] [[fiqh]]. Over 20% of the population belongs to the [[Alevi]] faith, thought by most of its adherents to be a form of [[Shia]] Islam; a minority consider it to have different origins (see [[Ishikism]], [[Yazdanism]]). Closely related to Alevism is the small [[Bektashi]] community belonging to a [[Sufi]] order of Islam that is indigenous to Turkey, but also has numerous followers in the [[Balkan peninsula]]. The [[Ahmadiyya]] Muslim Community has a presence in eight districts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR44/028/2002/en/6f86c604-d836-11dd-9df8-936c90684588/eur440282002en.html|title=Members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Dr Muhammed Jalal Shams, Osman Seker, Kubilay Çil: Prisoners of Conscience for their Religious Beliefs|date=5 June 2002|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref>
Islam arrived in the region that comprises present-day Turkey, particularly the eastern provinces of the country, as early as the 7th century. The mainstream [[Hanafi]] school of [[Sunni Islam]] is largely organized by the state through the [[Presidency of Religious Affairs]] (known colloquially as ''Diyanet''), which was established in 1924 following the abolition of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]] and controls all [[Mosque|mosques]] and [[Mufti|Muslim clerics]], and is officially the highest religious authority in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/english/tanitim.asp?id=13|title=Basic Principles, Aims And Objectives|date=|work=diyanet.gov.tr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219234720/http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/english/tanitim.asp?id=13|archivedate=19 December 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
As of today, there are thousands of historical mosques throughout the country which are still active. Notable mosques built in the Seljuk and Ottoman periods include the [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Istanbul)|Sultan Ahmed Mosque]] and [[Süleymaniye Mosque]] in Istanbul, the [[Selimiye Mosque (Edirne)|Selimiye Mosque]] in Edirne, the [[Yeşil Cami|Yeşil Mosque]] in Bursa, the [[Alâeddin Mosque]] and [[Mevlana Museum|Mevlana Mosque]] in Konya, and the [[Divriği Great Mosque|Great Mosque]] in Divriği, among many others. Large mosques built in the Republic of Turkey period include the [[Kocatepe Mosque]] in Ankara and the [[Sabancı Mosque]] in Adana.
== Agama lain ==
[[Berkas:Dome_of_the_Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue.JPG|ka|jmpl|200x200px|Dome of the [[Istanbul]] [[Ashkenazi Synagogue]]]]
The remainder of the population belongs to other faiths, particularly [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations ([[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Protestant Church|Protestant]]), and [[Judaism]] (mostly [[Sephardi Jews]], and a smaller [[Ashkenazi]] community.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org.tr/countryinfo.htm|title=Turkey - A Brief Profile|year=2006|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070719103604/http://www.unfpa.org.tr/countryinfo.htm|archivedate=19 July 2007|deadurl=yes|accessdate=27 December 2006}}</ref>
Turkey has numerous important sites for [[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]], being one of the birth places of the latter. Since the 4th century, Istanbul ([[Constantinople]]) has been the seat of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] (unofficially ''Fener Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi''), which is one of the fourteen [[Autocephaly|autocephalous]] [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] churches, and the [[primus inter pares]] (first among equals) in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church organization|Eastern Orthodox communion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=13&IndexView=toc|title=The Patriarchate of Constantinople (The Ecumenical Patriarchate)|date=30 May 2008|publisher=cnewa.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109071554/http://www.cnewa.org/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=13&IndexView=toc|archivedate=9 January 2010|deadurl=yes}}</ref> However, the Turkish government does not recognize the ecumenical status of [[Patriarch]] [[Bartholomew I]]. The [[Halki seminary]] remains closed since 1971 due to the Patriarchate's refusal to accept the supervision of the [[Ministry of National Education (Turkey)|Turkish Ministry of Education]] on the school's educational curricula; whereas the Turkish government wants the school to operate as a branch of the Faculty of Theology at [[Istanbul University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6001717n|title=The Patriarch Bartholomew|date=20 December 2009|work=[[60 Minutes]]|publisher=[[CBS]]|accessdate=11 January 2010}}</ref> Other Eastern Orthodox denomination is the [[Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate]] with strong influences from [[Turkish nationalism|Turkish nationalist]] ideology.
Istanbul, since 1461, is the seat of the [[Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople]]. There have been 84 individual Patriarchs since establishment of the Patriarchate. The first [[Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople]] was [[Hovakim I of Constantinople|Hovakim I]] who ruled from 1461 to 1478. Sultan [[Mehmed II]] allowed the establishment of the Patriarchate in 1461, just eight years after the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453. The Patriarch was recognized as the religious and [[secular]] leader of all [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire]], and carried the title of ''[[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|milletbaşı]]'' or [[ethnarch]] as well as [[patriarch]]. 75 patriarchs have ruled during the Ottoman period (1461-1908), 4 patriarchs in the [[Young Turks]] period (1908–1922) and 5 patriarchs in the current secular [[Republic of Turkey]] (1923–present). The current [[Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople|Armenian Patriarch]] is [[Patriarch Mesrob II Mutafyan of Constantinople|Mesrob II (Mutafyan)]] (Մեսրոպ Բ. Մութաֆեան), who has been in office since 1998.
There are many [[Church (building)|churches]] and [[Synagogue|synagogues]] throughout the country, such as the [[Church of St. George, Istanbul|Church of St. George]], the [[St. Anthony of Padua Church in Istanbul|St. Anthony of Padua Church]], the [[Cathedral of the Holy Spirit]], the [[Neve Shalom Synagogue]], the [[Italian Synagogue (Istanbul)|Italian Synagogue]] and the [[Ashkenazi Synagogue of Istanbul|Ashkenazi Synagogue]] in Istanbul. There are also many historical churches which have been transformed into mosques or museums, such as the [[Hagia Sophia]] and [[Chora Church]] in Istanbul, the [[Church of St Peter|Church of St. Peter]] in Antakya, and the [[Myra#The church of St. Nicholas at Myra|Church of St. Nicholas]] in Myra, among many others. There is a small ethnic Turkish Protestant Christian community include about 4,000-5,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iirf.eu/index.php?id=178&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[backPid]=176&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=1295|title=International Institute for Religious Freedom: Single Post|date=|website=Iirf.eu|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref> adherents, most of them came from Muslim Turkish background.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christiancentury.org/article/2011-03/turkish-protestants-still-face-long-path-religious-freedom|title=Turkish Protestants still face "long path" to religious freedom - The Christian Century|work=The Christian Century|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=christians-in-east-remain-worried-despite-church-opening-2011-07-20|title=Christians in eastern Turkey worried despite church opening|publisher=hurriyetdailynews.com|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="White2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gajAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|title=Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks|last=White|first=Jenny|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4008-5125-6|page=93|accessdate=12 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://churchinchains.ie/node/743|title=TURKEY: Protestant church closed down - Church In Chains - Ireland :: An Irish voice for suffering, persecuted Christians Worldwide|publisher=churchinchains.ie|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref>
The [[Bahá'í Faith]] in Turkey has roots in [[Bahá'u'lláh]]'s, the founder of the [[Bahá'í Faith]], being exiled to [[Constantinople]], current-day [[Istanbul]], by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman authorities]]. Bahá'ís cannot register with the government officially,<ref name="regulation">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108476.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Turkey|date=19 September 2008|publisher=The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs|accessdate=15 December 2008|author=U.S. State Department}}</ref> but there are probably 10<ref name="10k">{{cite web|url=http://www.bahairights.org/2008/11/13/for-the-first-time-turkish-bahai-appointed-as-dean/|title=For the first time, Turkish Baha'i appointed as dean|date=13 December 2008|publisher=The Muslim Network for Baha'i Rights|accessdate=15 December 2008}}</ref> to 20<ref name="20k">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Turkey: Religions & Peoples|encyclopedia=LookLex Encyclopedia|publisher=LookLex Ltd|url=http://www.looklex.com/e.o/turkey_4.htm|year=2008|accessdate=15 December 2008}}</ref> thousand Bahá'ís, and around a hundred Bahá'í [[Local Spiritual Assembly|Local Spiritual Assemblies]] in Turkey.<ref name="Walbridge">{{Cite journal|last=Walbridge|first=John|date=March 2002|title=Chapter Four: The Baha'i Faith in Turkey|url=http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/bhpapers/vol6/waless/chap4.htm|journal=Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies|volume=6|issue=1}}</ref>
== Referensi ==
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