Agama di Turki

Turki adalah satu-satunya negara mayoritas Islam yang menganut paham sekuler. Di Turki urusan Agama terpisah dengan nurusan negara dan pemerintahan. Sebagian besar penduduk Turki menganut agama Islam dengan persentase sebesar 99,8% umat muslim dari keseluruhan penduduk Turki. Sebagian besar muslim di Turki mengikuti paham sunni dan sebagian kecil lainnya dalah kaum Syi'ah yang terdiri berbagai sekte, seperti Alevi, Ja'fari, dan Alawi. Menurut survei yang dilakukan oleh lembaga penelitian sosial Perancis Ipsos, agama Kristen adalah agama terbesar kedua di Turki dengan persentase sekitar 2% dari keseluruhan penduduk Turki. Sebagian besar orang Kristen di Turki berasal dari denominasi gereja-gereja ritus timur. Denominasi Kristen yang terdapat di Turki saat ini antara lain adalah Gereja Apostolik Armenia, Gereja Ortodoks Siria, Gereja Ortodoks Yunani, Antiokhia Yunani, Gereja Ortodoks Bulgaria, Gereja Ortodoks Georgia, Gereja Katolik Roma, Gereja Katolik Kaldea, dan sebagian kecil lainnya adalah penganut paham protestanisme.

Komposisi penganut agama di Turki (2016)

  Islam Sunni (65%)

  Islam Syi'ah (4%)

  Muslim yang tidak tergabung dalam kelompok tertentu (14%)

  Kristen (2%)

  Tidak beragama (7%)

  Kepercayaan spriritual tapi tidak religius (6%)

  Agama lainnya (2%)

Terdapat juga orang-orang Yahudi di Turki. Kehadiran Yahudi di Turki sudah ada sejak abad ke-15 ketika Kesultanan Utsmaniyah berkuasa di wilayah yang sekarang kita kenal sebagai Turki. Sebagian besar orang Turki keturunan Yahudi telah bermigrasi ke Israel, namun masih terdapat populasi orang Yahudi yang bertahan tinggal Turki. Orang Yahudi di Turki diperkirakan berjumlah sekitar 17.400 sampai 18.000 jiwa.

Survei terbaru tahun 2016 yang dilakukan oleh lembaga penelitian sosial asal Perancis Ipsos melaporkan bahwa komposisi agama penduduk Turki adalah 83% menganut agama Islam dari berbagai denominasi. Sebagian besar muslim di Turki menganut paham sunni dengan persentase 65% dari total keseluruhan penduduk Turki, pengikut paham Islam Syi'ah berjumlah 4% dari total penduduk Turki. Kaum muslim Syi'ah di Turki terdiri dari berbagai kelompok, antara lain Alevi, Ja'fari, dan Alawi. Terdapat kategori 'muslim yang tidak tergabung dalam kelompok/sekte agama tertentu' dengan angka yang cukup besar yaitu sebanyak 14% dari keseluruhan populasi Turki. Orang-orang yang menyatakan dirinya tidak beragama sebanyak 7%, dan persentase pemeluk agama Kristen dengan berbagai denominasi tercatat sebesar 2%.

Turki secara resmi menyatakan diri sebagai negara yang menganut paham sekular. Hal ini tercantum dalam amandemen konstitusi negara Turki tahun 1924. Reformasi di Turki yang dipelopori oleh Mustafa Kemal Atatürk telah mengubah bentuk pemerintahan Turki menjadi Republik dan meresmikan pemisahan urusan agama dan urusan negara. Walaupun begitu, di Turki terdapat pendidikan agama di tingkat sekolah dasar hingga sekolah menengah milik pemerintah meskipun mata pelajaran yang diajarkan hanya pelajaran agama Islam versi Sunni. Masuknya pelajaran agama di sekolah-sekolah di Turki memicu kontroversi mengenai komitmen Turki sebagai negara sekuler. Keinginan Turki untuk bergabung dalam organisasi Uni Eropa tehambat akibat penolakan dari negara-negara Eropa lain yang mempertanyakan komitmen Turki dalam penegakan Hak Asasi Manusia di negarnya disamping alasan tersirat lain yang meragukan apakah sebuah 'negara muslim' seperti Turki dapat begabung dan menyesuaikan diri dalam Uni Eropa. Para politisi di Turki menyindir penolakan ini dengan menyebut Uni Eropa sebagai 'klub Kristen' yang sampai kapanpun tidak akan menerima Turki untuk bergabung sebagai bagian dari Uni Eropa.

Islam

Artikel utama: Islam di Turki

Sabancı Merkez Camii, Adana, built in 1998, is the largest mosque in Turkey.

An Alevi Cemevi, or house of worship, in Kartal, Istanbul

Imperium Islam dan Kekhalifaan Utsmaniyah

Islam pertama kali hadir di semenanjung Anatolia zaman pemerintahan Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah yang dipimpin oleh Umar bin Khattab. Pada abad ke-11 Kekhalifaan Abbasiyah bersama Kesultanan Seljuk melakukan ekspansi wilayah timur anatolia. Peristiwa paling penting dari penaklukan Imperium Islam atas Turki adalah ketika peristiwa Kejatuhan Konstantinopel pada tahun 1453.

Islamic conquest extended to Anatolia during later Abbasid period.

During the Muslim conquests of the 7th and early 8th centuries, Arab armies established the Islamic Empire. The Islamic Golden Age was soon inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad.

The later period saw initial expansion and the capture of Crete (840). The Abbasids soon shifted their attention towards the East. During the later fragmentation of the Abbasid rule and the rise of their Shiite rivals the Fatimids and Buyids, a resurgent Byzantium recaptured Crete and Cilicia in 961, Cyprus in 965, and pushed into the Levant by 975. The Byzantines successfully contested with the Fatimids for influence in the region until the arrival of the Seljuk Turks who first allied with the Abbasids and then ruled as the de facto rulers.

Extension by 1210.

In 1068 Alp Arslan and allied Turkmen tribes recaptured many Abbasid lands and even invaded Byzantine regions, pushing further into eastern and central Anatolia after a major victory at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The disintegration of the Seljuk dynasty, the first unified Turkic dynasty, resulted in the rise of subsequent, smaller, rival Turkic kingdoms such as the Danishmends, the Sultanate of Rum, and various Atabegs who contested the control of the region during the Crusades and incrementally expanded across Anatolia until the rise of the Ottoman Empire.

Informasi lebih lanjut: Byzantine–Seljuk Wars

Ottoman Caliphate

Artikel utama: Ottoman Empire dan Ottoman Caliphate

Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul.

Beginning in the twelfth century, new waves of Turkic migrants many of whom belonged to Sufi orders, some of which later incorporated heterodox beliefs. One Sufi order that appealed to Turks in Anatolia after 1300 was the Safaviyya, an order that was originally Sunni and non-political but later became both Shi'a and political based in northwest Iran. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Safavid and similar orders such as the Bektaşi became rivals of the Ottomans—who were orthodox Sunni Muslims—for political control of eastern Anatolia. Although the Bektaşi order became accepted as a sect of orthodox Sunni Muslims, they did not abandon their heterodox beliefs. In contrast, the Safavids eventually conquered Iran, shed their heterodox religious beliefs, and became proponents of orthodox Twelver Shi'a Islam. The conquest of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople—which the Turks called Istanbul—in 1453 enabled the Ottomans to consolidate their empire in Anatolia and Thrace. The Ottomans later revived the title of caliph during the reign of Sultan Selim. Despite the absence of a formal institutional structure, Sunni religious functionaries played an important political role. Justice was dispensed by religious courts; in theory, the codified system of şeriat regulated all aspects of life, at least for the Muslim subjects of the empire. The head of the judiciary ranked directly below the sultan and was second in power only to the grand vizier. Early in the Ottoman period, the office of grand mufti of Istanbul evolved into that of Şeyhülislam (shaykh, or leader of Islam), which had ultimate jurisdiction over all the courts in the empire and consequently exercised authority over the interpretation and application of şeriat. Legal opinions pronounced by the Şeyhülislam were considered definitive interpretations.

Secularization era

The secularization of Turkey started in the society during the last years of the Ottoman Empire and it was the most prominent and most controversial feature of Atatürk's reforms. Under his leadership, the caliphate—the supreme politico-religious office of Islam, and symbol of the sultan's claim to world leadership of all Muslims—was abolished. The secular power of the religious authorities and functionaries was reduced and eventually eliminated. The religious foundations were nationalized, and religious education was restricted and for a time prohibited. The influential and popular mystical orders of the dervish brotherhoods (Tariqa) also were suppressed.

Republic period: 1923-present

Artikel utama: Secularism in Turkey

The withdrawal of Turkey, heir to the Ottoman Empire, as the presumptive leader of the world Muslim community was symbolic of the change in the government's relationship to Islam. Indeed, secularism (or laiklik) became one of the "Kemalist ideology" of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's anti-clerical program for remaking Turkey. Whereas Islam had formed the identity of Muslims within the Ottoman Empire, secularism was seen as molding the new Turkish nation and its citizens.

Kocatepe Mosque, Ankara.

Islam is the religion with the largest community of followers in the country, where most of the population is Muslim, of whom over 70% belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, predominantly following the Hanafi fiqh. Over 20% of the population belongs to the Alevi faith, thought by most of its adherents to be a form of Shia Islam; a minority consider it to have different origins (see Ishikism, Yazdanism). Closely related to Alevism is the small Bektashi community belonging to a Sufi order of Islam that is indigenous to Turkey, but also has numerous followers in the Balkan peninsula. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has a presence in eight districts of the country.

Islam arrived in the region that comprises present-day Turkey, particularly the eastern provinces of the country, as early as the 7th century. The mainstream Hanafi school of Sunni Islam is largely organized by the state through the Presidency of Religious Affairs (known colloquially as Diyanet), which was established in 1924 following the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate and controls all mosques and Muslim clerics, and is officially the highest religious authority in the country.

As of today, there are thousands of historical mosques throughout the country which are still active. Notable mosques built in the Seljuk and Ottoman periods include the Sultan Ahmed Mosque and Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, the Yeşil Mosque in Bursa, the Alâeddin Mosque and Mevlana Mosque in Konya, and the Great Mosque in Divriği, among many others. Large mosques built in the Republic of Turkey period include the Kocatepe Mosque in Ankara and the Sabancı Mosque in Adana.

Agama lain

Dome of the Istanbul Ashkenazi Synagogue

The remainder of the population belongs to other faiths, particularly Christian denominations (Eastern Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant), and Judaism (mostly Sephardi Jews, and a smaller Ashkenazi community.)

Turkey has numerous important sites for Judaism and Christianity, being one of the birth places of the latter. Since the 4th century, Istanbul (Constantinople) has been the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (unofficially Fener Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi), which is one of the fourteen autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches, and the primus inter pares (first among equals) in the Eastern Orthodox communion. However, the Turkish government does not recognize the ecumenical status of Patriarch Bartholomew I. The Halki seminary remains closed since 1971 due to the Patriarchate's refusal to accept the supervision of the Turkish Ministry of Education on the school's educational curricula; whereas the Turkish government wants the school to operate as a branch of the Faculty of Theology at Istanbul University. Other Eastern Orthodox denomination is the Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate with strong influences from Turkish nationalist ideology.

Istanbul, since 1461, is the seat of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople. There have been 84 individual Patriarchs since establishment of the Patriarchate. The first Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople was Hovakim I who ruled from 1461 to 1478. Sultan Mehmed II allowed the establishment of the Patriarchate in 1461, just eight years after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The Patriarch was recognized as the religious and secular leader of all Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, and carried the title of milletbaşı or ethnarch as well as patriarch. 75 patriarchs have ruled during the Ottoman period (1461-1908), 4 patriarchs in the Young Turks period (1908–1922) and 5 patriarchs in the current secular Republic of Turkey (1923–present). The current Armenian Patriarch is Mesrob II (Mutafyan) (Մեսրոպ Բ. Մութաֆեան), who has been in office since 1998.

There are many churches and synagogues throughout the country, such as the Church of St. George, the St. Anthony of Padua Church, the Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, the Neve Shalom Synagogue, the Italian Synagogue and the Ashkenazi Synagogue in Istanbul. There are also many historical churches which have been transformed into mosques or museums, such as the Hagia Sophia and Chora Church in Istanbul, the Church of St. Peter in Antakya, and the Church of St. Nicholas in Myra, among many others. There is a small ethnic Turkish Protestant Christian community include about 4,000-5,000 adherents, most of them came from Muslim Turkish background.

The Bahá'í Faith in Turkey has roots in Bahá'u'lláh's, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, being exiled to Constantinople, current-day Istanbul, by the Ottoman authorities. Bahá'ís cannot register with the government officially, but there are probably 10 to 20 thousand Bahá'ís, and around a hundred Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assemblies in Turkey.