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Revisi per 27 Agustus 2017 11.08 sunting Glorious Engine (bicara \| kontrib) 251.253 suntingan ←Membuat halaman berisi '{{Infobox military structure \|name = ''Thughur'' dan ''Awasim'' \|native_name = al-thughūr wa-l-ʿawāṣim \|partof = \|location = Cilicia, utara Bilad al-Sham\|S...'		Revisi terkini sejak 10 Desember 2023 08.32 sunting balikkan InternetArchiveBot (bicara \| kontrib) Bot 647.981 suntingan Add 2 books for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20231209)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot
(11 revisi perantara oleh 8 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: {{Infobox military structure \|name = ''Thughur'' dan ''~~Awasim~~Awashim'' \|native_name = al-~~thughūr~~tsughūr wa-l-ʿawāṣim \|partof = \|location = [[Cilicia]], utara [[Bilad al-Sham\|Suriah]] dan [[Mesopotamia Hulu]] Baris 19: \|caption2 = }} '''''al-~~ʿAwāṣim~~ʿAwashim''''' ({{lang-ar\|العواصم}}, ''al-ʿAwāṣim'', "pertahanan, perbentengan"; tunggal: ''al-ʿāṣimah'', "perlindungan") adalah istilah [[Arab]] yang dipakai untuk ~~mrujuk~~merujuk kepada sisi Muslim dari zona terdepan antara [[Kekaisaran Bizantium]] dan [[Kekhalifahan]] ~~[[Umayyad~~Umayyah]] dan [[Abbasiyah]] di [[Cilicia]], utara [[Bilad al-Sham\|Suriah]] dan [[Mesopotamia Hulu]].<ref name="Streck515">Strack (1987), pp 515-516</ref> Ini didirikan pada awal abad ke-8, saat arus pertama [[penaklukan Muslim]] mentok, dan berlangsung sampai pertengahan abad ke-10, saat ini diserobot oleh kemajuan Bizantium. Ini terdiri dari [[pawai]] bagian depan, yang terdiri dari jaringan kekuatan berbenteng, yang dikenal sebagai '''''al-~~thughūr~~tsughūr''''' ({{lang-ar\|الثغور}}; tunggal {{lang\|ar\|الثغر}}, ''al-~~thagr~~tsagr'', "pembukaan"), dan kawasan dalam dari zona terdepan tersebut, dikenal sebagai persiapan ''al-ʿawāṣim''. Di sisi Bizantium, pawai-pawai Muslim dicerminkan oleh lembaga distrik-distrik ''[[kleisoura (distrik Bizantium)\|kleisourai]]'' dan para penjaga perbatasan ''[[akritai]]''. Istilah ''thughūr'' juga dipakai dalam pawai-pawai [[al-Andalus]] dan [[Mawara al-Nahr]], dan tertahan pada catatan sejarah, sampai diangkat kembali oleh [[Mamluk Mesir]] pada abad ke-14, saat kawasan yang secara tradisional terdiri dari '''ʿawāṣim'' dan ''thughūr'' di utara Suriah dan utara kawasan [[Efrat]] berada di bawah kekuasaan mereka.<ref name="Honigmann739">Honigmann (1987), p. 739</ref> Baris 34: * {{cite book\| last = Kaegi\| first = Walter Emil\| authorlink = Walter Kaegi\| title = Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests\| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IvPVEb17uzkC\| year = 1995 \| location = Cambridge \| publisher = Cambridge University Press\| isbn = 978-0-521-48455-8 }} * {{cite book\| authorlink = Alexander Kazhdan\| last = Kazhdan\| first = Alexander\| title = [[The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]\| year = 1991 \| location = London and New York \| publisher = Oxford University Press\| isbn = 978-0-19-504652-6 }} * {{cite book \| last = Kennedy \| first = Hugh \| authorlink = Hugh N. Kennedy \| title = The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State \| url = https://archive.org/details/armiesofcaliphsm0000kenn \| publisher = Routledge \| year = 2001 \| isbn = 978-0-203-45853-2 }} * {{cite encyclopedia \| title =AL-ʿAWĀṢIM \| first = Maximilian \| last =Streck \| encyclopedia= E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume I: A–Bābā Beg \| editor-first = Martijn Theodoor \| editor-last = Houtsma \| publisher = BRILL \| location = Leiden \| year = 1987 \| origyear = 1927 \| isbn = 90-04-08265-4 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA515&pg=PA515#v=onepage&q&f=false \| pages=515–516}} * {{cite book \| last = Toynbee \| first = Arnold \| authorlink = Arnold Toynbee \| title = Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World \| url = https://archive.org/details/constantineporph0000toyn \| year = 1973 \| publisher = Oxford University Press \| isbn = 0-19-215253-X}} * {{cite book \| last = Vasiliev \| first = A.A. \| authorlink = Alexander Vasiliev (historian) \| title = Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La Dynastie d'Amorium (820–867) \| year = 1935 \| location = Brussels \| publisher = Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales \| language= French}} * {{cite book\| last = Wheatley\| first = Paul\| title = The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries\| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6tFvlaM1LmgC\| year = 2000\| publisher = University of Chicago Press\| isbn = 978-0-226-89428-7 }} * {{cite book\| last = Whittow\| first = Mark\| title = The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025\| url = https://archive.org/details/makingofbyzantiu0000whit\| year = 1996\| location=Berkeley\| publisher = University of California Press\| isbn = 978-0-520-20496-6 }} == Bacaan tambahan == * {{cite journal \| title = The naming of the frontier: 'Awāṣim, Thughūr, and the Arab geographers \| last = Bonner \| first = Michael \| authorlink = Michael Bonner \| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies \| year = 1994 \| volume = 57 \| pages =17–24 \| publisher= Cambridge University Press \| doi = 10.1017/S0041977X0002807X}} * {{cite book \| title = Aristocratic Violence and Holy War: Studies in the Jihad and the Arab–Byzantine Frontier \| url = https://archive.org/details/aristocraticviol0081bonn \| last = Bonner \| first = Michael \| authorlink = Michael Bonner \| year = 1996 \| publisher= American Oriental Society \| location = New Haven, Connecticut \| isbn = 0-940490-11-0}} * {{cite journal \| title = The Arab–Byzantine Frontier in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Military Organization and Society in the Borderlands \| first1 = John F. \| last1 = Haldon \| first2 = Hugh \| last2= Kennedy \| journal = Recueil des Travaux de l'Institut d'Etudes Byzantins \| year = 1980 \| location=Belgrade \| volume=19 \| pages=79–116 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XdFqgSBTYeYC&pg=RA2-PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{cite journal \| title = Ααουάσιμ και Θουγούρ: Το στρατιωτικό σύνορο του Χαλιφάτου στην Ανατολική Μικρά Ασία \| last = Miotto \| first = Marco \| language = Greek \| journal = Vyzantiaka \| year = 2015 \| volume = 32 \| pages = 133–156 \| url = http://histsociety.web.auth.gr/9)Miotto,%20%CE%91%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%20%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%20%CE%98%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%20%20-%2032%20(2015).pdf \| issn = 1012-0513 }} * {{cite book\| last = Nicolle\| first = David\| author2 = Adam Hook\| title = Saracen Strongholds AD 630–1050: The Middle East and Central Asia\| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RQbtr4ZAVlwC\| date = 2008-06-17\| publisher = Osprey Publishing\| isbn = 978-1-84603-115-1 }} * {{cite journal \| last = Von Sivers \| first = Peter \| title = Taxes and Trade in the ‘Abbāsid Thughūr, 750-962/133-351 \| journal = Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient \| volume = 25 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 71–99 \| year = 1982 \| doi = 10.1163/156852082X00085 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Awasim}} [[Kategori:Thughur\| ]]