Aleppo: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{hatnote|Untuk pertempuran terkini di Aleppo, lihat [[Pertempuran Aleppo 2012–2013|Pertempuran Aleppo (2012–sekarang)]]}}
{{about|kota}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-- Basic info ---------------->
|name = Aleppo
|other_name = {{transl|ar|ALA|Halab}}
|native_name = {{lang|ar|ﺣﻠﺐ}}
<!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
|nickname = Asy-Syahbaa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almaany.com/home.php?language=arabic&lang_name=%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&word=%D8%B4%D9%8E%D9%87%D9%92%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%8F|title=معنى كلمة شَهْباءُ في معجم المعاني الجامع والمعجم الوسيط - معجم عربي عربي - صفحة 1|author=Tim Almaany|work=almaany.com}}</ref>
|settlement_type = Kota
|motto =
<!-- images and maps ---------->
|image_skyline = Aleppo new mix.jpg
|imagesize = 300px
|image_caption = <div style="background:#fee8ab;">
[[Kota Kuno Aleppo]]<br />[[Benteng Aleppo]] • Jalan menuju [[Pasar Lama al-Madinah]]<br />[[Masjid Agung Aleppo]] • [[Hotel Baron]]<br />[[Katedral Saint Elias]] • [[Sungai Quwaiq]]<br />Panorama Aleppo saat malam hari</div>
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = Suriah
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize = 250
|pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi di Suriah
<!-- Location ------------------>
|coordinates_region = SY
|subdivision_type = Negara
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Suriah}} ''de jure''<br>{{flag|Rojava}} ''de facto''
|subdivision_type1 = [[Kegubernuran di Suriah|Kegubernuran]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Kegubernuran Aleppo]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Distrik di Suriah|Distrik]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Distrik Gunung Simeon|Gunung Simeon]] (Jabal Simaan)
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
| parts_type =
| parts_style =
| p1 =
<!-- Politics ----- =
|subdivision_name1 =
|subdivision_type2 ------------>
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = Gubernur
|leader_name =Husein Diab
|leader_title1 = Wali Kota
|leader_name1 = Ayman Hallaq
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = Didirikan
|established_date = 5000 SM
|established_title2 = Dewan Kota pertama
|established_date2 = 1868
|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_percen =
<!-- Area --------------------->
|area_magnitude =
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 190
|area_land_km2 =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_blank1_title =
|area_blank1_km2 =
<!-- Population ----------------------->
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes = Perkiraan 2016
|population_note =
|population_total = 1.800.000
|population_density_km2 =
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 = auto
|population_urban =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_blank1_title =
|population_blank1 =
|population_blank2_title =
|population_blank2 =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
<!-- General information --------------->
|timezone = [[Waktu Eropa Timur|EET]]
|utc_offset = +2
|timezone_DST = [[Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Timur|EEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|latd=36 |latm=13 |latNS=N
|longd=37 |longm=10 |longEW=E
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use tags-->
|elevation_m = 379
|elevation_ft =
<!-- Area/postal codes and others -------->
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code = Kode negara: 963 <br> Kode kota: 21
|website = {{URL|http://www.alp-city.org/}} (pranala mati)
|footnotes = Sumber: Luas Kota Aleppo<!--<ref name="Syr-news1"/>--> Sumber: Populasi kota<ref name="Population facts">[[Badan Pusat Statistik (Suriah)|Badan Pusat Statistik]] (CBS). [http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-1-2004.htm Aleppo Subdistrict Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520173518/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-1-2004.htm |date=2012-05-20 }}.</ref>
{{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = [[Kota Kuno Aleppo]]
| designation1_date = 1986 <small>([[Komite Warisan Dunia|Sidang]] ke-10)</small>
| designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/21 21]
| designation1_criteria = iii, iv
| designation1_type = Budaya
| designation1_free1name = Kelompok Negara
| designation1_free1value = Suriah
| designation1_free2name = Kawasan
| designation1_free2value = [[Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia di Negara-negara Arab|Negara-negara Arab]]
}}
|blank_name = Denominasi
|blank_info = Orang Aleppo
}}
'''Aleppo''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|p|oʊ}}; {{lang-ar|ﺣﻠﺐ}} / [[ALA-LC]]: ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Ḥalab}}'', <!--pelafalan Syam Utara-->{{IPA-ar|ˈħalab|IPA}}) adalah sebuah [[kota]] di [[Suriah]], merupakan ibu kota dari [[Kegubernuran Aleppo]], yang memiliki populasi terbesar diseluruh [[Kegubernuran di Suriah]].<ref name="UNDATA">{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Syrian%20Arab%20Republic |title=Syrian Arab republic |publisher=[[Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa|Data PBB]] |date=24 Oktober 1945 |accessdate=11 Maret 2012}}{{fails verification|date=Desember 2016}}</ref> Dengan jumlah populasi yang mencapai 4.6 juta penduduk pada 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-17|title=بـ 4.6 ملايين نسمة .. محافظة حلب الأعلى سكانياً في سورية {{!}} عكس السير دوت كوم|url=http://www.aksalser.com/?page=view_news&id=dea2316c19d685faf12f9850768f87b7|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-08-26|archive-date=2017-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917033118/http://www.aksalser.com/?page=view_news&id=dea2316c19d685faf12f9850768f87b7|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Aleppo merupakan kota terbesar di [[Suriah]] sebelum terjadinya [[Perang Saudara Suriah]]; namun, saat ini Aleppo merupakan kota terbesar kedua di [[Suriah]], setelah ibu kotanya [[Damaskus]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-25|title=Biggest Cities In Syria - WorldAtlas.com|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-08-26|archive-date=2019-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025200105/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Dalam beberapa abad, Aleppo adalah kota terbesar [[Syam|wilayah Syam]] dan kota ketiga terbesar [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]], setelah [[Konstantinopel]] dan [[Kairo]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=Aleppo+third+largest+Ottoman+Empire&source=bl&ots=Pc1aMdCNu7&sig=Gz0APza0iRfEgNZY9UACCvkF7Ps&hl=en&ei=SHjJTOfXH5HSuwOnpu0V&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Aleppo%20third%20largest%20Ottoman%20Empire&f=false |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |publisher=Google Buku |accessdate=11 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Russell, Alexander (1794) The natural history of Aleppo">[[Alexander Russell (naturalis)|Russell, Alexander]] (1794), ''[[The Natural History of Aleppo]]'', Edisi ke-2, Vol. I, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7PfaAAAAMAAJ&ots=IZU99uoBId&dq=the%20natural%20history%20of%20aleppo&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=true hal. 1–2]</ref><ref name="Gaskin, James J. 1846 Geography and sacred history of Syria p.33">Gaskin, James J. (1846), [https://books.google.com/books?id=9SoEAAAAQAAJ&dq=Gaskin%2C%20James%20J.%201846%20Geography%20and%20sacred%20history%20of%20Syria&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=true ''Geography and sacred history of Syria''], hal. 33–34</ref>
Aleppo adalah sebuah kota kuno besar dan salah satu [[Daftar kota berdasarkan waktu yang didiami terus menerus#Barat|kota tertua di dunia yang terus menerus didiami]]; diperkirakan sudah didiami sejak abad ke-6 SM.<ref>''[[Ensiklopedia Columbia]]'', Edisi ke-6 (2010)</ref> Penggalian di Tell as-Sawda dan Tell al-Ansari, persis di selatan [[Kota Kuno Aleppo]], memperlihatkan daerah yang sibuk sejak paling kurang dari abad ke-3 SM;<ref>''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East'' (1997)</ref> dan hal ini juga saat Aleppo pertama kali disebutkan dalam lembaran-lembaran [[Kuneiform|tulisan kuno]] yang digali di [[Ebla]] dan [[Mesopotamia]], yang di dalam itu tertulis bahwa Aleppo sebagai kota perdagangan dan keahlian militer.<ref>''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica Concise Encyclopedia]]'' (2010)</ref> Demikianlah sebuah sejarah panjang yang menghubungkan ke lokasi strategis Aleppo sebagai pertengahan pusat perdagangan antara [[Laut Tengah]] dan [[Mesopotamia]] (sekarang [[Irak]]).
Kota ini berarti dalam sejarah setelah itu karena lokasinya yang berada di salah satu akhir dari [[Jalur Sutra]], yang terus melalui Asia Tengah dan Mesopotamia. Saat [[Terusan Suez]] dibuka pada 1869, perdagangan dialihkan ke laut dan Aleppo perlahan-lahan mulai ditinggalkan. Saat [[Sejraah kejatuhan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Kejatuhan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] setelah [[Perang Dunia I]], daerah pedalaman Aleppo diserahkan kepada Turki Modern, untuk kepentingan [[Jalur kereta api Baghdad|jalur kereta api yang menghubungkannya ke Mosul]]. Pada 1940-an, Aleppo kehilangan akses utama menuju laut, [[Antakya]] dan [[İskenderun|Alexandretta]], serta ke Turki. Akhirnya, pengasingan Suriah di akhir beberapa dekade lebih lanjut membuat situasi menjadi lebih buruk. Kemunduran mungkin membantu untuk melindungi Kota Kuno Aleppo, arsitektur abad pertengahannya, dan warisan tradisionalnya. Aleepo memenangkan gelar sebagai "Ibu kota Budaya Islam 2006" dan namanya terus melambung karena restorasi tempat bersejarah terkenal yang sukses.
Sejak [[Pertempuran Aleppo 2012–2013|Pertempuran Aleppo]] yang dimulai pada 2012, kota ini menderita kerusakan yang besar,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archnet.org/collections/54/sites/6414|title=Collections - Aga Khan Collection - Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme - Aleppo Citadel Restoration|work=[[Archnet]]}}</ref> dan menjadi kota paling parah terkena akibat [[Perang Sipil Suriah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/12/worst-place-in-world-aleppo-ruins-four-years-syria-war|title=The worst place in the world? Aleppo in ruins after four years of Syria war|first=Martin|last=Chulov|date=12 Maret 2015|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}</ref>
== Galeri foto ==
{{Panorama
|image=File:Pano Alep 2.jpg
|fullwidth=25551
|fullheight=3000
|caption=Sebuah pemandangan [[panorama]] Aleppo. [[:commons:File:Pano Alep 2.jpg|Klik di sini untuk melihat
keterangannya]].
|alt=
|height=175
}}
<center>
<gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" perrow=5 caption="Aleppo">
File:Souk Al Zirb Aleppo.jpg|Souq az-Zirb
File:Suq al-Atmah, al-Madina Souq, Aleppo (1).jpg|Souq al-'Atmah
File:Aleppo Khan Shuneh.jpg|Khan al-Shouneh
File:Aleppo throne hall.jpg|Throne hall of the citadel
File:Aleppo Night by Charles Hajj.jpg|Menara Jam Bab al-Faraj
File:Ancient Aleppo from Citadel.jpg|[[Kota Kuno Aleppo]]
File:Al-Khandaq Street, Aleppo (06).jpg|Jalan Al-Khandaq
File:Downtown Aleppo, Queik river at night.jpg|[[Sungai Quwaiq]]
File:Aleppo nights k.jpg|Aleppo di malam hari
File:Aleppo General view 2009.jpg|General view from the citadel
</gallery>
</center>
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wiktionary|Aleppo}}
{{Commons category|Aleppo}}
* [http://www.alp-city.org/ Aleppo City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129082815/http://www.alp-city.org// |date=2014-01-29 }}
* [http://www.aleppo.gov.sy/ Aleppo Governorate]
* [http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/ Aleppo news and services (eAleppo)]
* [http://www.udp-aleppo.org/?id=155 3-D Old Aleppo map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315104152/http://www.udp-aleppo.org/?id=155 |date=2012-03-15 }}
* [http://www.ovpm.org/en/syrian_arab_rep/aleppo/ Organization of World Heritage Cities]
* [http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?date.slider=&date.slider=&date.slider=&q=ernst+herzfeld+&view=grid&fq=place:%22Aleppo+%28Syria%29%22 Ernst Herzfeld Papers, Series 5: Drawings and Maps, Records of Aleppo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008044851/http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?date.slider=&date.slider=&date.slider=&q=ernst+herzfeld+&view=grid&fq=place:%22Aleppo+(Syria)%22 |date=2011-10-08 }} Collections Search Center, S.I.R.I.S., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198704/the.lure.of.aleppo.htm Lynn Teo Simarski, ''The Lure of Aleppo'', 1987, Saudi Aramco World]
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199903/restoring.old.aleppo.htm William Graves, ''Restoring Old Aleppo'', 1999, Saudi Aramco World]
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200402/suq.4000.years.behind.the.counter.in.aleppo.htm, Louis Werner, ''4000 Years Behind the Counters in Aleppo'', 2004, Saudi Aramco World]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.pizmonim.com/ Sephardic Pizmonim Project- Jewish community of Aleppo]
{{Coord|36|13|N|37|10|E|display=title|region:SY_type:city}}
{{Suriah-geo-stub}}
[[Kategori:Kota di Suriah]]
[[Kategori:Kota di Jalur Sutra]]
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