|
|latd=27|latm=39|lats=42|latNS=N
|longd=30|longm=54|longs=20|longEW=E
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
Wilayah ini diduduki pada masa [[Kekaisaran Romawi]] dan Kristen awal. Beberapa struktur dari periode tersebut telah ditemukan dalam penggalian di sebelah selatan kota.<ref name="roman">{{cite web |url=http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/survey/middle_egypt/2006.shtml |title=Middle Egypt Survey Project 2006 |publisher=Amarna Project |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref>
== Nama ==
Nama "Amarna" berasal dari nama suku "Beni Amran" yang hidup di daerah itu dan mendirikan beberapa pemukiman. Nama Mesir kuno tempat ini adalah "'''Akhetaten'''".
Situs ini harus dibedakan dari '''Tell Amarna''' di [[Suriah]], suatu [[:en:Tell (archaeology)|''tell'' ("gundukan")]] [[arkeologi]] dari [[:en:Halaf culture|periode Halaf]].<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/1032531/Tell_Amarna_in_the_General_Framework_of_the_Halaf_Period]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Egyptologis Inggris, Sir [[:en:John Gardner Wilkinson|John Gardner Wilkinson]], mengunjungi Amarna di Mesir ini dua kali pada tahun 1820-an dan mengidentifikasi sebagai '''''Alabastron''''',<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/amarna/index.html University College London website, ''Digital Egypt for Universities: Amarna'', accessed 26 July 2016]</ref> mengikuti deskripsi yang kadang-kadang berkontradiksi dari para penulis zaman Romawi [[Plinius Yang Tua|Plinius]] (''On Stones'') dan [[Klaudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaeus]] (''[[:en:Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]''),<ref name="MatHyer">{{cite book |title= Materia hieroglyphica |author=Sir John Gardner Wilkinson |year=1828 |location=Malta |publisher=privately printed |page=22 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nWgGAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22&lpg=RA1-PA22&dq=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&source=bl&ots=hKes9f72Hn&sig=brxS2b3VzBGYagHv_xVRkShhKdI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinn-iOgpHOAhXMvBoKHe4BACsQ6AEIOTAJ#v=onepage&q=Amarna%20%22alabastron%22&f=false |accessdate=26 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="MatInd">{{cite book |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries |author= Alfred Lucas, John Richard Harris |year=2011 |edition=reprint of 4th edition (1962), revised from first (1926) |location=Mineola, NY |publisher= Dover Publications |page=60 |isbn=9780486404462 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8dIoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&source=bl&ots=p-SL65uxH6&sig=4t3Zvp7hXMlGTMEPOFuve9yVCNI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmk9ONg5HOAhVLmBoKHew1B7I4ChDoAQgZMAA#v=onepage&q=Amarna%20%22alabastron%22&f=false |accessdate=26 July 2016 }}</ref> meskipun ia tidak yakin mengenai identifikasi ini dan mengusulkan [[:en:Nekhen|Kom el-Ahmar (''Nekhen'')]] sebagai lokasi alternatif.<ref name="ModEg">{{cite book |title=Modern Egypt and Thebes: being a description of Egypt; including the information required for travellers in that country |volume= II |year=1843 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |pages=43-44 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fLsMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&source=bl&ots=_RD2l1YPyN&sig=wu5P0tY05k85W_Gix5LdUOvYz24&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinn-iOgpHOAhXMvBoKHe4BACsQ6AEINDAH#v=onepage&q=Amarna%20%22alabastron%22&f=false |accessdate=26 July 2016 }}</ref>
== Kota Akhetaten ==
{{Amarna Image Map|width=425400}}
Area kota Akhetaten pada dasarnya adalah situs yang belum terjamah, dan di kota inilah Akhetaten dideskripsikan sebagai milik Aten.
This text then goes on to state that Akhenaten made a great oblation to the god Aten "and this is the theme [of the occasion] which is illustrated in the [[lunette (stele)|lunette]]s of the stelae where he stands with his queen and eldest daughter before an altar heaped with offerings under the Aten, while it shines upon him rejuvenating his body with its rays."<ref name="aldredp48"/>
-->
[[ImageBerkas:Amarna boundary stela U 02.JPG|thumbjmpl|Patung-patung di sebelah kiri Stela Perbatasan U di Amarna]]
=== Situs dan denah ===
Terletak di tepi timur [[sungai Nil]], reruntuhan kota terbentang dari utara ke selatan di sepanjang suatu "Jalan Kerajaan" ("Royal Road"), sekarang dinamai "''Sikhet es-Sultan''".<ref name="waterson81">Waterson (1999), p.81</ref><ref name="grundon92">Grundon (2007), p.92</ref> Kediaman raja umumnya di sebelah utara, yang dikenal sebagai [[:en:North City, Amarna|"Kota Utara" (''North City'')]], dengan area pusat administrasi dan agamawi, sedangkan bagian selatan kota merupakan daerah-daerah perumahan.
==== Kota Utara ====
[[FileBerkas:Egyptian - Seal Ring with the Name of Akhenaten - Walters 42201 - Side A.jpg|jmpl|ka|100px|Cincin meteraI Akhenaten dari faience biru. [[:en:Walters Art Museum|Walters Art Museum]]]]
<!--{{Main|North City, Amarna}}-->
Jika mendatangi kota Amarna dari sebelah utara melalui sungai, maka bangunan-bangunan pertama setelah melewati stela perbatasan utara merupakan kompleks [[:en:North Riverside Palace|''North Riverside Palace'' ("Istana Tepi Sungai Utara")]]. Bangunan ini terentang sampai di tepi sungai dan kemungkinan merupakan kediaman utama keluarga raja.<ref>Kemp, Barry, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People, Thames and Hudson, 2012, pg 151-153</ref> Di <!--Locateddalam withinarea the"Kota Utara" (''North City'') areaini is theterletak [[Northern Palace (Amarna)|''Northern Palace'' ("Istana Utara")]], thekediaman mainutama residencekeluarga ofraja. theDi Royalantara Family.istana Betweenini thisdan and"Kota theTengah" central(''Central city''), the ''Northern Suburb'' was(Daerah initiallyPerumahan aUtara) prosperousawalnya areasuatu withdaerah largemakmur houses,dengan butrumah-rumah thebesar, housetetapi sizeukuran decreasedrumah andmengecil becamedan poorermenjadi thelebih furthermiskin fromsebakin thejauh roaddari theyjalan wereutama.<ref name="grundon92"/>
====Central CityKota Tengah ====
MostKebanyakan ofbangunan-bangunan theseremonial importantdan ceremonialadministratif andpenting administrativeterletak buildingsdi were"Kota locatedTengah" in(''Central the central cityCity''). HereDi thesini terletak [[Great Temple of the Aten|Kuil Agung Aten]] and thedan [[Small Aten Temple|Kuil Kecil Aten]] wereyang useddigunakan foruntuk religiousfungsi functionsagamawi anddan betweendi theseantara thekeduanya terdapat "''Great Royal Palace''" and(Istana Agung Raja) dan ''Royal Residence'' were(Kediaman theKerajaan) ceremonialsebagai residencekediaman ofseremonial theuntuk KingRaja anddan RoyalKeluarga FamilyKerajaan, anddan wereterhubung linkedoleh bysuatu ajembatan bridgeatau orjalan rampsetapak.<ref>Waterson (1999), p.82</ref> LocatedDi behind thebelakang Royal Residence was theterletak [[Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh|Kantor Korespondensi Firaun]], wheredi themana ditemukan kumpulan [[AmarnaSurat LettersAmarna]] were found.<ref>Moran (1992), p.xiv</ref>
This area was probably the first area to be completed, and had at least two phases of construction.<ref name="waterson81"/>
Area ini rupanya yang pertama diselesaikan dan paling sedikit ada dua fase pembangunan.<ref name="waterson81"/>
====Southern suburbs====
:''See also [[Workmen's Village, Amarna]]''
-->
== Kehidupan di Amarna/Akhetaten kuno ==
[[FileBerkas:TutankhamunBerlin.jpg|jmpl|200px|kikiri|Portret Tutankamun Amarna. [[Altes Museum]], [[Berlin]]]]
Kebanyakan yang diketahui mengenai pendirian kota Amarna didapatkan dari sejumlah stela perbatasan resmi yang terlestarikan (ada 13 yang ditemukan) mengitari batas kota. Banyak stela atau monumen tersebut dipahat pada tebing-tebing di kedua sisi sungai Nil (10 pada sisi timur, 3 pada sisi barat) dan mencatat peristiwa-peristiwa di Akhetaten (Amarna) dari pendirian sampai sesaat sebelum kejatuhannya.<ref>Akhenaten and Tutankhamun, Revolution and Restoration, [[David P. Silverman|Silverman, David P]]; [[Josef W. Wegner|Wegner, Josef W]]; Jennifer Houser; Copyright 2006 by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.</ref>
ToUntuk makepindah the move fromdari Thebes toke Amarna, Akhenaten needed the support ofmembutuhkan thedukungan militarymiliter. Ay, onesalah ofsatu Akhenaten'spenasihat principalutama advisorsAkhenaten, exercisedberpengaruh greatbesar influence in thisdi area becauseini hiskarena fatherayahnya [[Yuya]] hadpernah beenmenjadi anseorang importantpemimpin militarymiliter leaderpenting. Lebih Additionallylagi, everyonesemua inorang thedalam militarymiliter hadtumbuh grown up togetherbersama, theydan hadmerupakan beenbagian aperiode partpaling ofkaya thedan richestsukses anddalam mostsejarah successfulMesir perioddi inbawah Egypt'spemerintahan history underayah Akhenaten's father, sosehingga loyaltykesetiaan amongdi theantara rankspangkat-pangkat wassangat strongkuat anddan unwaveringtidak tergoyahkan. PerhapsMungkin mostyang importantlyterpenting, "it was a militaryRaja whoseselalu massedmengambil rankssetiap thekesempatan kinguntuk tookmenghormati everymiliter opportunitydalam tosegala celebratekepangkatan indalam templepahatan-pahatan reliefskuil, firstpertama atdi Thebes anddan laterkemudian atdi Amarna."<ref>Akhenaten, Egypt's False Prophet, Reeves, Nicholas, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London, copyright 2001</ref>
-->
=== Kehidupan keagamaan ===
[[FileBerkas:Limestone fragment column showing reeds and an early Aten cartouche. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|Fragmen kolom limestone menunjukkan ''reeds'' dan sebuah ''cartouche'' Aten awal dari masa pemerintahan Akhenaten. Asal: Amarna, Mesir. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]
[[FileBerkas:Siliceous limestone fragment of a statue. There are late Aten cartouches on the draped right shoulder. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumbjmpl|Fragmen patung dari ''siliceous limestone''. Ada sejumlah cartouche Aten akhir pada bahu kanan yang ditutup pakaian. Masa pemerintahan Akhenaten. Asal: Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]
Reformasi keagamaan Akhenaten umumnya diyakini ke arah semacam [[monoteisme]], yang lebih disederhanakan kepada keadaan [[monolatrisme]]. Bukti arkeologi menunnjukkan bahwa sejumlah dewa-dewa lain juga dihormati, bahkan di pusat kultus Aten – jika tidak secara resmi, paling sedikit oleh orang-orang yang hidup dan bekerja di sana.
== Penemuan dan penggalian ==
[[FileBerkas:Alabaster sunken relief depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and daughter Meritaten. Early Aten cartouches on king's arm and chest. From Amarna, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumbjmpl|Ukiran ''alabaster sunken'' menggambarkan Akhenaten, Nefertiti, dan putri Meritaten. Cartouche Aten awal pada lengan dan dada raja. Asal: Amarna, Mesir. Dinasti ke-18. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]
[[ImageBerkas:Amarna Akkadian letter.png|thumbjmpl|150px|Salah satu [[Surat Amarna]]]]
<!--
The first western mention of the city was made in 1714 by [[Claude Sicard]], a [[France|French]] [[Jesuit]] [[priest]] who was travelling through the Nile Valley, and described the boundary stela from Amarna. As with much of Egypt, it was visited by [[Napoleon]]'s ''corps de savants'' in 1798–1799, who prepared the first detailed map of Amarna, which was subsequently published in ''[[Description de l'Égypte]]'' between 1821 and 1830.<ref name="amarnamapping">{{cite web|url=http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/survey/index.shtml|title=Mapping Amarna|accessdate=2008-10-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081008012317/http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/survey/index.shtml| archivedate= 8 October 2008| deadurl= no}}</ref>
Exploration of the city continues to the present, currently under the direction of [[Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)|Barry Kemp]] (Emeritus Professor in Egyptology, University of Cambridge, England) (until 2006, under the auspices of the [[Egypt Exploration Society]] and now with the [http://www.amarnaproject.com/ Amarna Project]).<ref name="kemp" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ees.ac.uk/fieldwork/amarna.htm |title=Fieldwork- Tell El-Armana |accessdate=2008-10-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424101113/http://www.ees.ac.uk/fieldwork/amarna.htm |archivedate=2008-04-24 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> In 1980 a separate expedition led by Geoffrey Martin described and copied the reliefs from the Royal Tomb, later publishing its findings together with objects thought to have come from the tomb. This work was published in 2 volumes by the EES.-->
Dari tahun 2005 sampai 2013, "Amarna Project" telah menggali sebuah [[:en:Southern Tombs Cemetery|pekuburan]] yang berada di dekat, Pekuburan Selatan untuk para bangsawan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7209472.stm|publisher=news.bbc.co.uk|title=Grim secrets of Pharaoh's city|accessdate=2008-10-01|author=John Hayes-Fisher|work=BBC Timewatch | date=2008-01-25}}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
| 