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Situs '''Amarna''' (umumnya dikenal dengan nama '''el-Amarna''') ({{lang-ar|العمارنة al-‘amārnah}}) terletak di tepi timur [[Sungai Nil]] di governorat [[Al Minya|Minya]], [[Mesir]]. Situs Amarna meliputi beberapa desa modern, dan juga situs arkeologi berupa bekas
Wilayah ini
== Nama ==
Nama "Amarna" berasal dari nama suku "Beni Amran" yang hidup di daerah itu dan mendirikan beberapa pemukiman. Nama Mesir kuno tempat ini adalah "'''Akhetaten'''".
Situs ini harus dibedakan dari '''Tell Amarna''' di [[Suriah]], suatu [[Tell (archaeology)|''tell'' ("gundukan")]] [[arkeologi]] dari [[Halaf culture|periode Halaf]].<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/1032531/Tell_Amarna_in_the_General_Framework_of_the_Halaf_Period]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Egyptologis Inggris, Sir [[John Gardner Wilkinson]], mengunjungi Amarna di Mesir ini dua kali pada tahun 1820-an dan mengidentifikasi sebagai '''''Alabastron''''',<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/amarna/index.html University College London website, ''Digital Egypt for Universities: Amarna'', accessed 26 July 2016]</ref> mengikuti deskripsi yang kadang-kadang berkontradiksi dari para penulis zaman Romawi [[Plinius Yang Tua|Plinius]] (''On Stones'') dan [[Klaudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaeus]] (''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]''),<ref name="MatHyer">{{cite book |title= Materia hieroglyphica |author=Sir John Gardner Wilkinson |year=1828 |location=Malta |publisher=privately printed |page=22 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nWgGAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22&lpg=RA1-PA22&dq=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&source=bl&ots=hKes9f72Hn&sig=brxS2b3VzBGYagHv_xVRkShhKdI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinn-iOgpHOAhXMvBoKHe4BACsQ6AEIOTAJ#v=onepage&q=Amarna%20%22alabastron%22&f=false |accessdate=26 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="MatInd">{{cite book |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries |author= Alfred Lucas, John Richard Harris |year=2011 |edition=reprint of 4th edition (1962), revised from first (1926) |location=Mineola, NY |publisher= Dover Publications |page=60 |isbn=9780486404462 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8dIoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&source=bl&ots=p-SL65uxH6&sig=4t3Zvp7hXMlGTMEPOFuve9yVCNI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmk9ONg5HOAhVLmBoKHew1B7I4ChDoAQgZMAA#v=onepage&q=Amarna%20%22alabastron%22&f=false |accessdate=26 July 2016 }}</ref> meskipun ia tidak yakin mengenai identifikasi ini dan mengusulkan [[Nekhen|Kom el-Ahmar (''Nekhen'')]] sebagai lokasi alternatif.<ref name="ModEg">{{cite book |title=Modern Egypt and Thebes: being a description of Egypt; including the information required for travellers in that country |volume= II |year=1843 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |pages=43-44 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fLsMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&source=bl&ots=_RD2l1YPyN&sig=wu5P0tY05k85W_Gix5LdUOvYz24&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinn-iOgpHOAhXMvBoKHe4BACsQ6AEINDAH#v=onepage&q=Amarna%20%22alabastron%22&f=false |accessdate=26 July 2016 }}</ref>
== Kota Akhetaten ==
{{Amarna Image Map|width=400}}
Area kota Akhetaten pada dasarnya adalah situs yang belum terjamah, dan di kota inilah Akhetaten dideskripsikan sebagai milik Aten.
<blockquote>
"''seat of the First Occasion, which he had made for himself that he might rest in it.''"
"kedudukan Peristiwa Pertama, yang dibuatnya untuk dirinya sendiri supaya ia bisa beristirahat di dalamnya."
</blockquote>
<!--
It may be that the [[Royal Wadi and tombs|Royal Wadi]]'s resemblance to the [[egyptian hieroglyph|hieroglyph]] for ''horizon'' showed that this was the place to found the city.
The city was built as the new capital of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, dedicated to his [[Atenism|new religion]] of worship to the [[Aten]]. Construction started in or around Year 5 of his reign (1346 BC) and was probably completed by Year 9 (1341 BC), although it became the capital city two years earlier. To speed up construction of the city most of the buildings were constructed out of [[mud-brick]], and white washed. The most important buildings were faced with local stone.<ref>Grundon (2007), p.89</ref>
It is the only ancient [[Egypt]]ian [[city]] which preserves great details of its internal plan, in large part because the city was abandoned after the death of Akhenaten, when Akhenaten's son, King [[Tutankhamun]], decided to leave the city and return to his birthplace in Thebes (modern Luxor). The city seems to have remained active for a decade or so after his death, and a shrine to [[Horemheb]] indicates that it was at least partially occupied at the beginning of his reign,<ref name="kemp">{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/interviews/kemp.html |title=Excavating Amarna |publisher=Archaeology.org |date=2006-09-27 |accessdate=2007-06-06| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070711043111/http://www.archaeology.org/online/interviews/kemp.html| archivedate= 11 July 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref> if only as a source for building material elsewhere. Once it was abandoned it remained uninhabited until Roman settlement<ref name="roman" /> began along the edge of the Nile. However, due to the unique circumstances of its creation and abandonment, it is questionable how representative of ancient Egyptian cities it actually is. Amarna was hastily constructed and covered an area of approximately {{convert|8|mi|km}} of territory on the east bank of the Nile River; on the west bank, land was set aside to provide crops for the city's population.<ref name="davidp125"/> The entire city was encircled with a total of 14 boundary [[stela]]e detailing Akhenaten's conditions for the establishment of this new capital city of Egypt.<ref name="davidp125"/>
The earliest dated stele from Akhenaten's new city is known to be ''Boundary stele K'' which is dated to Year 5, IV Peret (or month 8), day 13 of Akhenaten's reign.<ref name="aldredp47">Aldred (1988), p.47</ref> (Most of the original 14 boundary stelae have been badly eroded.) It preserves an account of Akhenaten's foundation of this city. The document records the pharaoh's wish to have several temples of the Aten to be erected here, for several royal tombs to be created in the eastern hills of Amarna for himself, his chief wife [[Nefertiti]] and his eldest daughter [[Meritaten]] as well as his explicit command that when he was dead, he would be brought back to Amarna for burial.<ref>Aldred (1988), pp. 47–50</ref> Boundary stela K introduces a description of the events that were being celebrated at Amarna:
{{quotation|His Majesty mounted a great chariot of electrum, like the [[Aten]] when He rises on the horizon and fills the land with His love, and took a goodly road to Akhetaten, the place of origin, which [the Aten] had created for Himself that he might be happy therein. It was His son Wa'enrē [i.e. Akhenaten] who founded it for Him as His monument when His Father commanded him to make it. Heaven was joyful, the earth was glad every heart was filled with delight when they beheld him.<ref name="aldredp48">Aldred (1988), p.48</ref>}}
This text then goes on to state that Akhenaten made a great oblation to the god Aten "and this is the theme [of the occasion] which is illustrated in the [[lunette (stele)|lunette]]s of the stelae where he stands with his queen and eldest daughter before an altar heaped with offerings under the Aten, while it shines upon him rejuvenating his body with its rays."<ref name="aldredp48"/>
-->
[[Berkas:Amarna boundary stela U 02.JPG|jmpl|Patung-patung di sebelah kiri Stela Perbatasan U di Amarna]]
=== Situs dan denah ===
Terletak di tepi timur [[sungai Nil]], reruntuhan kota terbentang dari utara ke selatan di sepanjang suatu "Jalan Kerajaan" ("Royal Road"), sekarang dinamai "''Sikhet es-Sultan''".<ref name="waterson81">Waterson (1999), p.81</ref><ref name="grundon92">Grundon (2007), p.92</ref> Kediaman raja umumnya di sebelah utara, yang dikenal sebagai [[North City, Amarna|"Kota Utara" (''North City'')]], dengan area pusat administrasi dan agamawi, sedangkan bagian selatan kota merupakan daerah-daerah perumahan.
==== Kota Utara ====
[[Berkas:Egyptian - Seal Ring with the Name of Akhenaten - Walters 42201 - Side A.jpg|jmpl|ka|100px|Cincin meteraI Akhenaten dari faience biru. [[Walters Art Museum]]]]
<!--{{Main|North City, Amarna}}-->
Jika mendatangi kota Amarna dari sebelah utara melalui sungai, maka bangunan-bangunan pertama setelah melewati stela perbatasan utara merupakan kompleks [[North Riverside Palace|''North Riverside Palace'' ("Istana Tepi Sungai Utara")]]. Bangunan ini terentang sampai di tepi sungai dan kemungkinan merupakan kediaman utama keluarga raja.<ref>Kemp, Barry, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People, Thames and Hudson, 2012, pg 151-153</ref> Di dalam area "Kota Utara" (''North City'') ini terletak [[Northern Palace (Amarna)|''Northern Palace'' ("Istana Utara")]], kediaman utama keluarga raja. Di antara istana ini dan "Kota Tengah" (''Central city''), ''Northern Suburb'' (Daerah Perumahan Utara) awalnya suatu daerah makmur dengan rumah-rumah besar, tetapi ukuran rumah mengecil dan menjadi lebih miskin sebakin jauh dari jalan utama.<ref name="grundon92"/>
==== Kota Tengah ====
Kebanyakan bangunan-bangunan seremonial dan administratif penting terletak di "Kota Tengah" (''Central City''). Di sini terletak [[Great Temple of the Aten|Kuil Agung Aten]] dan [[Small Aten Temple|Kuil Kecil Aten]] yang digunakan untuk fungsi agamawi dan di antara keduanya terdapat "''Great Royal Palace''" (Istana Agung Raja) dan ''Royal Residence'' (Kediaman Kerajaan) sebagai kediaman seremonial untuk Raja dan Keluarga Kerajaan, dan terhubung oleh suatu jembatan atau jalan setapak.<ref>Waterson (1999), p.82</ref> Di belakang Royal Residence terletak [[Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh|Kantor Korespondensi Firaun]], di mana ditemukan kumpulan [[Surat Amarna]] were found.<ref>Moran (1992), p.xiv</ref>
Area ini rupanya yang pertama diselesaikan dan paling sedikit ada dua fase pembangunan.<ref name="waterson81"/>
<!--
====Southern suburbs====
To the south of the city was the area now referred to as the ''Southern Suburbs''. It contained the estates of many of the city's powerful nobles, including [[Nakhtpaaten]] (Chief Minister), Ranefer, [[Panehesy]] (High Priest of the Aten) and Ramose (Master of Horses). This area also held the studio of the sculptor [[Thutmose (sculptor)|Thutmose]], where the famous bust of Nefertiti was found in 1912.<ref>Waterson (1999), p.138</ref>
Further to the south of the city was [[Kom el-Nana]], an enclosure, usually referred to as a ''sun-shade'', and was probably built as a sun-temple.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/komelnana/index.shtml|title=Kom El-Nana|accessdate=2008-10-04| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081008020948/http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/komelnana/index.shtml| archivedate= 8 October 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> and then the [[Maru-Aten]], which was a palace or sun-temple originally thought to have been constructed for [[Akhenaten]]'s queen [[Kiya]], but on her death her name and images were altered to those of [[Meritaten]], his daughter.<ref>Eyma (2003), p.53</ref>
====City outskirts====
Surrounding the city and marking its extent, the [[Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten|Boundary Stelae]] (each a rectangle of carved rock on the cliffs on both sides of the Nile) describing the founding of the city are a primary source of information about it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/boundary_stelae/index.shtml|title=Boundary Stelae|accessdate=2007-06-09| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070529001036/http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/boundary_stelae/index.shtml| archivedate= 29 May 2007| deadurl= no}}</ref>
Away from the city Akhenaten's [[Royal Wadi and Tombs|Royal necropolis]] was started in a narrow valley to the east of the city, hidden in the cliffs. Only one tomb was completed, and was used by an unnamed Royal Wife, and Akhenaten's tomb was hastily used to hold him and likely [[Meketaten]], his second daughter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/royal_tombs/index.shtml|title=Royal Tomb|accessdate=2008-10-04| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080927231423/http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/royal_tombs/index.shtml| archivedate= 27 September 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
In the cliffs to the north and south of the Royal Wadi, the nobles of the city constructed their [[Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)|Tombs]].
:''See also [[Workmen's Village, Amarna]]''
-->
== Kehidupan di Amarna/Akhetaten kuno ==
[[Berkas:TutankhamunBerlin.jpg|jmpl|200px|kiri|Portret Tutankamun Amarna. [[Altes Museum]], [[Berlin]]]]
Kebanyakan yang diketahui mengenai pendirian kota Amarna didapatkan dari sejumlah stela perbatasan resmi yang terlestarikan (ada 13 yang ditemukan) mengitari batas kota. Banyak stela atau monumen tersebut dipahat pada tebing-tebing di kedua sisi sungai Nil (10 pada sisi timur, 3 pada sisi barat) dan mencatat peristiwa-peristiwa di Akhetaten (Amarna) dari pendirian sampai sesaat sebelum kejatuhannya.<ref>Akhenaten and Tutankhamun, Revolution and Restoration, [[David P. Silverman|Silverman, David P]]; [[Josef W. Wegner|Wegner, Josef W]]; Jennifer Houser; Copyright 2006 by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.</ref>
Untuk pindah dari Thebes ke Amarna, Akhenaten membutuhkan dukungan militer. Ay, salah satu penasihat utama Akhenaten, berpengaruh besar di area ini karena ayahnya [[Yuya]] pernah menjadi seorang pemimpin militer penting. Lebih lagi, semua orang dalam militer tumbuh bersama, dan merupakan bagian periode paling kaya dan sukses dalam sejarah Mesir di bawah pemerintahan ayah Akhenaten, sehingga kesetiaan di antara pangkat-pangkat sangat kuat dan tidak tergoyahkan. Mungkin yang terpenting, "Raja selalu mengambil setiap kesempatan untuk menghormati militer dalam segala kepangkatan dalam pahatan-pahatan kuil, pertama di Thebes dan kemudian di Amarna."<ref>Akhenaten, Egypt's False Prophet, Reeves, Nicholas, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London, copyright 2001</ref>
=== Kehidupan keagamaan ===
[[Berkas:Limestone fragment column showing reeds and an early Aten cartouche. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Fragmen kolom limestone menunjukkan ''reeds'' dan sebuah ''cartouche'' Aten awal dari masa pemerintahan Akhenaten. Asal: Amarna, Mesir. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]
[[Berkas:Siliceous limestone fragment of a statue. There are late Aten cartouches on the draped right shoulder. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|jmpl|Fragmen patung dari ''siliceous limestone''. Ada sejumlah cartouche Aten akhir pada bahu kanan yang ditutup pakaian. Masa pemerintahan Akhenaten. Asal: Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]
Reformasi keagamaan Akhenaten umumnya diyakini ke arah semacam [[monoteisme]], yang lebih disederhanakan kepada keadaan [[monolatrisme]]. Bukti arkeologi menunnjukkan bahwa sejumlah dewa-dewa lain juga dihormati, bahkan di pusat kultus Aten – jika tidak secara resmi, paling sedikit oleh orang-orang yang hidup dan bekerja di sana.
<!--
<blockquote>
..at Akhetaten itself, recent excavation by [[Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)|Kemp]] (2008: 41-46) has shown the presence of objects that depict gods, goddesses and symbols that belong to the traditional field of personal belief. So many examples of [[Bes]], the grotesque dwarf figure who warded off evil spirits, have been found, as well as of the goddess-monster, [[Taweret]], part crocodile, part hippopotamus, who was associated with childbirth. Also in the royal workmen’s village at Akhetaten, stelae dedicated to [[Isis]] and [[Shed (deity)|Shed]] have been discovered (Watterson 1984: 158 and 208).<ref>Philip Turner, [https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:180305 ''Seth - a misrepresented god in the Ancient Egyptian pantheon?''] PhD Thesis, [[University of Manchester]]; 2012</ref>
</blockquote>
==Amarna art-style==
{{Main|Amarna art}}
[[File:Limestone trial piece of a private person. Head of a princess on the reverse. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London.jpg|thumb|left|Limestone trial piece of a private person. Head of a princess on the reverse. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London]]
[[File:Epoca amarniana, frammento di rilievo da parete di una tomba con quattro scribi sotto dettatura, 1350-1333 ac..JPG|thumb|Children with pens and papyrus scrolls. Relief from Amarna]]
The Amarna art-style broke with long-established Egyptian conventions. Unlike the strict idealistic [[Formalism (art)|formalism]] of previous [[Art of Ancient Egypt|Egyptian art]], it depicted its subjects more realistically. These included informal scenes, such as intimate portrayals of affection within the royal family or playing with their children, and no longer portrayed women as lighter coloured than men. The art also had a realism that sometimes borders on caricature.
While the worship of [[Aten]] was later referred to as the [[Amarna heresy]] and suppressed, this art had a more lasting legacy.
-->
== Penemuan dan penggalian ==
[[Berkas:Alabaster sunken relief depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and daughter Meritaten. Early Aten cartouches on king's arm and chest. From Amarna, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|jmpl|Ukiran ''alabaster sunken'' menggambarkan Akhenaten, Nefertiti, dan putri Meritaten. Cartouche Aten awal pada lengan dan dada raja. Asal: Amarna, Mesir. Dinasti ke-18. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]
[[Berkas:Amarna Akkadian letter.png|jmpl|150px|Salah satu [[Surat Amarna]]]]
<!--
The first western mention of the city was made in 1714 by [[Claude Sicard]], a [[France|French]] [[Jesuit]] [[priest]] who was travelling through the Nile Valley, and described the boundary stela from Amarna. As with much of Egypt, it was visited by [[Napoleon]]'s ''corps de savants'' in 1798–1799, who prepared the first detailed map of Amarna, which was subsequently published in ''[[Description de l'Égypte]]'' between 1821 and 1830.<ref name="amarnamapping">{{cite web|url=http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/survey/index.shtml|title=Mapping Amarna|accessdate=2008-10-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081008012317/http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/survey/index.shtml| archivedate= 8 October 2008| deadurl= no}}</ref>
After this European exploration continued in 1824 when Sir [[John Gardiner Wilkinson]] explored and mapped the city remains. The copyist [[Robert Hay (Egyptologist)|Robert Hay]] and his surveyor G. Laver visited the locality and uncovered several of the Southern Tombs from sand drifts, recording the reliefs in 1833. The copies made by Hay and Laver languish largely unpublished in the [[British Library]], where an ongoing project to identify their locations is underway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astene.org.uk/associated_events_societies/hay.htm|title=The Robert Hay Drawings in the British Library|accessdate=2008-10-01|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627025558/http://www.astene.org.uk/associated_events_societies/hay.htm|archivedate=2006-06-27|df=}}</ref>
The [[Prussia]]n expedition led by [[Richard Lepsius]] visited the site in 1843 and 1845, and recorded the visible monuments and topography of Amarna in two separate visits over a total of twelve days, using drawings and paper squeezes. The results were ultimately published in ''Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien'' between 1849 and 1913, including an improved map of the city.<ref name="amarnamapping"/> Despite being somewhat limited in accuracy, the engraved ''Denkmäler'' plates formed the basis for scholastic knowledge and interpretation of many of the scenes and inscriptions in the private tombs and some of the Boundary Stelae for the rest of the century. The records made by these early explorers teams are of immense importance since many of these remains were later destroyed or otherwise lost.
In 1887 a local woman digging for ''[[sebakh]]'' uncovered a cache of over 300 [[cuneiform|cuneiform tablet]]s (now commonly known as the [[Amarna Letters]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.tripod.com/~ib205/budge.html|title=Wallis Budge describes the discovery of the Amarna tablets|accessdate=2008-10-01}}</ref> These tablets recorded select [[diplomacy|diplomatic]] correspondence of the Pharaoh and were predominantly written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], the ''[[lingua franca]]'' commonly used during the [[Late Bronze Age]] of the [[Ancient Near East]] for such communication. This discovery led to the recognition of the importance of the site, and lead to a further increase in exploration.<ref name="grundon9091">Grundon (2007), pp. 90–91</ref>
Between 1891 and 1892 [[Alessandro Barsanti]] 'discovered' and cleared the king's tomb (although it was probably known to the local population from about 1880).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/royal_tombs/index.shtml|title=Royal Tomb|publisher=The Amarna Project|accessdate=2008-10-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080927231423/http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/royal_tombs/index.shtml| archivedate= 27 September 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Around the same time Sir [[Flinders Petrie]] worked for one season at Amarna, working independently of the [[Egypt Exploration Fund]]. He excavated primarily in the Central City, investigating the [[Great Temple of the Aten]], the Great Official Palace, the King's House, the [[Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh]] and several private houses. Although frequently amounting to little more than a sondage, Petrie's excavations revealed additional cuneiform tablets, the remains of several glass factories, and a great quantity of discarded [[faience]], glass and ceramic in sifting the palace rubbish heaps (including Mycenaean sherds).<ref name="grundon9091"/> By publishing his results and reconstructions rapidly, Petrie was able to stimulate further interest in the site's potential.
The copyist and artist [[N. de Garis Davies|Norman de Garis Davies]] published drawn and photographic descriptions of private tombs and boundary stelae from Amarna from 1903 to 1908. These books were republished by the EES in 2006.
In the early years of the 20th century (1907 to 1914) the [[Deutsche Orientgesellschaft]] expedition, led by [[Ludwig Borchardt]], excavated extensively throughout the North and South suburbs of the city. The famous bust of [[Nefertiti bust|Nefertiti]], now in Berlin's [[Neues Museum|Ägyptisches Museum]], was discovered amongst other sculptural artefacts in the workshop of the sculptor [[Thutmose (sculptor)|Thutmose]]. The outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]] in August 1914 terminated the German excavations.
From 1921 to 1936 an Egypt Exploration Society expedition returned to excavation at Amarna under the direction of T.E. Peet, Sir [[Leonard Woolley]], [[Henri Frankfort]], [[Stephen Glanville]]<ref>Grundon(2007), p.71</ref> and [[John Pendlebury]]. [[Mary Chubb]] served as the digs administrator. The renewed investigations were focused on religious and royal structures.
During the 1960s the Egyptian Antiquities Organization (now the [[Egypt]]ian [[Supreme Council of Antiquities]]) undertook a number of excavations at Amarna.
Exploration of the city continues to the present, currently under the direction of [[Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)|Barry Kemp]] (Emeritus Professor in Egyptology, University of Cambridge, England) (until 2006, under the auspices of the [[Egypt Exploration Society]] and now with the [http://www.amarnaproject.com/ Amarna Project]).<ref name="kemp" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ees.ac.uk/fieldwork/amarna.htm |title=Fieldwork- Tell El-Armana |accessdate=2008-10-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424101113/http://www.ees.ac.uk/fieldwork/amarna.htm |archivedate=2008-04-24 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> In 1980 a separate expedition led by Geoffrey Martin described and copied the reliefs from the Royal Tomb, later publishing its findings together with objects thought to have come from the tomb. This work was published in 2 volumes by the EES.-->
Dari tahun 2005 sampai 2013, "Amarna Project" telah menggali sebuah [[Southern Tombs Cemetery|pekuburan]] yang berada di dekat, Pekuburan Selatan untuk para bangsawan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7209472.stm|publisher=news.bbc.co.uk|title=Grim secrets of Pharaoh's city|accessdate=2008-10-01|author=John Hayes-Fisher|work=BBC Timewatch | date=2008-01-25}}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Surat Amarna]]
== Referensi ==
Baris 103 ⟶ 219:
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[[Kategori:Situs arkeologi di Mesir]]
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