Asal-usul Spesies: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox Book
| name = ''On the Origin of Species{{br}}by Means of Natural Selection''
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Berkas:Origin of Species title page.jpg
| image_caption = Halaman judul {{br}}of ''On the Origin of Species'' terbitan tahun 1859
| author = [[Charles Darwin]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = {{negara|Britania Raya}} [[Britania Raya]]
| language = [[bahasa Inggris|Inggris]]
| series =
| subject = [[teori evolusi]]
| genre =
| publisher = [[John Murray (penerbit)|John Murray]]
| release_date = [[24 November]] [[1859]]
| english_release_date =
| media_type = buku ([[sampul keras]] & [[sampul tipis]])
| pages =
| isbn = tidak ada
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Asal-usul Spesies'''''<ref>Gramedia 2010, ISBN 978-979-22-5573-7, Penerjemah: ???</ref> oleh [[Charles Darwin]] (terbit tahun [[1859]]) adalah karya penting dalam [[Karya Tulis Ilmiah|karya tulis ilmiah]] dan dianggap sebagai tonggak dalam teori [[evolusi]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977}},{{Harvnb|Ansary|2006}}</ref> Judul lengkapnya adalah '''''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''''' (''Tentang Asal-usul Spesies Melalui Cara Seleksi Alam, atau Pelestarian Kelompok Dalam Perjuangan Untuk Hidup''). Buku ini memperkenalkan teori ilmiah bahwa populasi berevolusi dari generasi ke generasi melalui proses [[seleksi alam]]. Isi buku ini kontroversial karena menentang [[Ciptaanisme|teori penciptaan]] menurut kepercayaan agama, dan merupakan pencetus timbulnya ilmu bernama [[biologi]] pada abad ke-19. Buku yang ditulisnya merupakan hasil ekspedisi lautnya dengan kapal layar [[HMS Beagle]] pada tahun [[1830-an]], dan dilanjutkan dengan penyelidikan dan eksperimen setelah tiba kembali dari ekspedisi.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gamlin|1993|pp=20-23}}</ref>
Orang yang bukan ahli bahkan bisa membaca buku ini dan banyak menarik perhatian orang. Buku ini sangat kontroversial dan menimbulkan banyak perdebatan di bidang sains, filsafat, dan agama. Teori ilmiah tentang evolusi juga telah berevolusi dibandingkan dengan teori awal yang ditulis Darwin, namun [[seleksi alam]] tetap menjadi teori ilmiah yang paling banyak diterima untuk menjelaskan evolusi dari suatu spesies. Kontroversi teori penciptaan dan teori evolusi terus berlangsung hingga saat ini.
== Ringkasan dari teori Darwin ==
Teori Darwin didasarkan pengamatan penting dan kesimpulan yang ditarik darinya.<ref>{{harvnb|Mayr|1982}}, {{harvnb|Darwin|1859|loc=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=477 Chapter XIV. Recapitulation and Conclusion].}}</ref>
# Spesies pada dasarnya memiliki fertilitas yang sangat tinggi. Jumlah keturunan yang dilahirkan lebih banyak dari keturunan yang bisa mencapai usia dewasa.
# Populasi kira-kira tetap berjumlah sama, dengan sedikit perubahan.
# Sumber makanan adalah terbatas, tetapi relatif stabil dalam jangka waktu lama.
# Oleh karena itu terjadi perjuangan secara implisit untuk bertahan hidup
# Pada spesies yang melakukan reproduksi secara seksual, biasanya tidak ada dua individu yang identik.
# Beberapa variasi dalam spesies secara langsung memengaruhi kemampuan individu untuk bertahan dalam kondisi alam tertentu.
# Sebagian besar dari variasi ini bersifat turunan.
# Individu yang kurang sesuai dengan lingkungan tempat tinggalnya memiliki kemungkinan bertahan hidup yang lebih kecil dan kemungkinan akan lebih banyak melakukan reproduksi.
# Individu yang selamat kemungkinan besar akan menurunkan ciri-ciri yang dimilikinya kepada generasi berikutnya.
# Proses yang menyebabkan perubahan ini menghasilkan populasi yang perlahan-lahan bisa beradaptasi dengan lingkungan, dan pada akhirnya, setelah berlangsung secara terus-menerus akan terbentuk keragaman yang baru, dan akhirnya spesies baru.
== Publikasi ==
Edisi pertama ''On the Origin of Species'' diterbitkan hari Kamis 24 November 1859 dengan harga lima belas [[shilling]] per kopi. Tulisan ini terjual sebanyak 1250 kopi. Cetakan dilakukan hingga edisi keenam tahun 1876. Di setiap edisi, Darwin menambahkan atau memperbaiki sedikit demi sedikit isi buku sehingga setiap edisinya tidak persis sama.<ref>[http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html On the Origin of Species]. ''darwin-online.org.uk.''</ref>
== Isi ==
Dalam edisi pertama, Darwin mengutip pandangan teologi William Whewell dan [[Francis Bacon]] tentang hukum alam.{{Sfn|Darwin|1859|p=ii}} Pada edisi kedua, Darwin menambahkan catatan dari [[Joseph Butler]] yang menyatakan bahwa Tuhan dapat bekerja melalui hukum alam sama seperti yang dilakukannya dengan keajaiban.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Browne|first=Janet|date=2010-02-23|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HUGGLFH1NgMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Charles Darwin Volume 2: The Power at Place|location=|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4070-5323-3|pages=96|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
Dalam pembuka bukunya, Darwin menyatakan bahwa ketertarikannya pada evolusi dimulai ketika dia ikut berlayar pada HMS Beagle.<ref name=":12">Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. (2006). ''On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life''. Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486450063. OCLC 62857845. hal. ix.</ref><blockquote>"''When on board H.M.S. 'Beagle,' as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species—that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers''." </blockquote>
== Penerimaan ==
[[Berkas:Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871).jpg|jmpl|Karikatur Darwin dengan tubuh kera memopulerkan asosiasi dirinya dengan evolusi.<ref>Browne, E. Janet (2002). ''[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=kCPyDMqSmt4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA376#v=onepage&q&f=false Charles Darwin: The Power of Place].'' London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-7126-6837-3. nga'örö 376-379</ref>]]
Buku ini menyebar ke seluruh dunia dan menimbulkan perdebatan. Pada awalnya, banyak yang menentang pemikiran Darwin karena sebenarnya tidak memahami tulisannya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=[https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/about/who-we-are University of Cambridge]|first=|date=2015-06-02|title=Darwin in letters, 1860: Answering critics|url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics|website=Darwin Correspondence Project|language=en|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> Namun, diskusi ilmiah tentang mekanisme evolusi muncul dan dicetuskan istilah baru [[Darwinisme]] yang tidak hanya membahas pemikiran Darwin, tetapi semua aspek evolusi. Pada pertengahan 1870-an, evolusi sudah diterima oleh banyak orang.{{Sfn|Bowler|1989|p=179, 199}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Charles Darwin]]
* [[Teori evolusi]]
== Catatan kaki ==
{{reflist}}
== Daftar pustaka ==
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| Year = 2006
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| Authorlink = BBC
| Year = 2006
| Title = Thomas Henry Huxley (1825 - 1895)
| Journal = [[BBC]], Historic Figures
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}} URL diakses [[14 Januari]] [[2007]]
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| Year = 1989
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| URL = https://books.google.co.id/books?id=e2b5B0po8fwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false
| Publisher = Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
|Ref ={{Sfnref|Bowler|1989}}
| ID = ISBN 0-485-11375-9 }}
* {{Harvard reference
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| Authorlink = Peter J. Bowler
| Year = 1989
| Title = The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society
| Publisher = Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
| ID = ISBN 0-485-11375-9 }}
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Browne
| Given = E. Janet
| Authorlink = Janet Browne
| Year = 1995
| Title = Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging
| Publisher = London: Jonathan Cape
| ID = ISBN 1-84413-314-1}}
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Browne
| Given = E. Janet
| Authorlink = Janet Browne
| Year = 2002
| Title = Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place
| Publisher = London: Jonathan Cape
| ID = ISBN 0-7126-6837-3}}
* {{Harvard reference
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| Surname2 = Ralph
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| Surname3 = Lerner
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| Publisher = W.W. Norton & Company
| ID = ISBN 0-393-95077-8
}}
* {{Harvard reference
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| Year = 2006
| date = [[2006-02-21]]
| Title = Few Biologists but Many Evangelicals Sign Anti-Evolution Petition
| Journal = [[New York Times]]
| URL = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/21/science/sciencespecial2/21peti.html
}} URL diakses [[21 Desember]] [[2006]]
* {{Harvard reference
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| Authorlink = Ronald W. Clark
| Year = 1984
| Title = The Survival of Charles Darwin
| Publisher = New York: Avon Books
| ID = ISBN 0-380-69991-5}}
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Darwin
| Given1 = Charles
| Authorlink = Charles Darwin
<!--may not be needed | Chapter = Pencil Sketch of 1842-->
| Editor = Darwin, Francis
| Year = 1842/4
| Date = 1842/4 (diterbitkan 1909)
| Title = The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844.
| Publisher = Cambridge University Press
| Location = Cambridge
| URL = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 }} URL diakses [[15 Desember]] [[2007]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Darwin
| Given = Charles
| Authorlink = Charles Darwin
| Year = 1859
| Title = On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
| Publisher = London: John Murray
| URL = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1}} URL diakses [[8 September]] [[2007]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Darwin
| Given = Charles
| Authorlink = Charles Darwin
| Year = 1860
| Title = On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
| Publisher = London: John Murray
| URL = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F376&viewtype=text&pageseq=1}} Edisi ke-2. URL diakses [[8 September]] [[2007]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Darwin
| Given = Charles
| Authorlink = Charles Darwin
| Year = 1861
| Title = On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
| Publisher = London: John Murray
| URL = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F381&viewtype=text&pageseq=1}} Edisi ke-3. URL diakses [[11 Juni]] [[2007]]
*{{citation
| last = Darwin
| first = Charles
| year = 1859
| title = On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
| edition = [http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/images/nytint/docs/charles-darwin-on-the-origin-of-species/original.pdf PDF] edisi pertama
|Ref ={{Sfnref|Darwin|1859}}
|pages = 502
| location = London
| publisher=John Murray
|
| url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1
| accessdate = 1 March 2011}}
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Darwin
| Given = Charles
| Authorlink = Charles Darwin
| Year = 1887
| Editor = [[Francis Darwin|Darwin, F]]
| Title = The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter.
| Publisher = London: John Murray
| URL = http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=39003&pageno=1 }} ([[Otobiografi Charles Darwin]]) URL diakses [[15 Desember]] [[2006]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Darwin
| Given = Charles
| Authorlink = Charles Darwin
| Year = 1958
| Editor = [[Nora Barlow|Barlow, N]]
| Title = The autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his grand-daughter Nora Barlow.
| Publisher = London: Collins
| URL = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=1
}} ([[Otobiografi Charles Darwin]]) URL diakses [[15 Desember]] [[2006]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Desmond
| Given1 = Adrian J.
| Year = 2004
| Chapter = Darwin
| Title = Encyclopaedia Britannica 2004 DVD
}}
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Desmond
| Given1 = Adrian
| Surname2 = Moore
| Given2 = James
| Authorlink2 = James Moore (biographer)
| Year = 1991
| Title = Darwin
| Publisher = London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group
| ID = ISBN 0-7181-3430-3}}
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Dewey
| Given = John
| Authorlink = John Dewey
| Editor = Martin Gardner
| Year = 1994
| Title = Great Essays in Science
| Chapter = The Influence of Darwinism on Philosophy
| Publisher = Prometheus Books
| ID = ISBN 0-87975-853-8
}}
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Dobzhansky
| Given1 = Theodosius
| Year = 1973
| Date = March 1973
| Title = Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution
| URL = http://www.2think.org/dobzhansky.shtml
| Journal = The American Biology Teacher
| Volume = 35
| Pages = 125-129 }} URL diakses [[15 Desember]] [[2006]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Eldredge
| Given1 = Niles
| Year = 2006
| Title = Confessions of a Darwinist
| URL = http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/#fn11
| Journal = The Virginia Quarterly Review
| Issue = Spring 2006
| Pages = 32-53 }} URL diakses [[15 Desember]] [[2006]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Freeman
| Given1 = R. B.
| Year = 1977
| Chapter = On the Origin of Species
| Title = The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist
| URL = http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html
| Publisher = Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd
| Location = Cannon House Folkestone, Kent, England
| Edition = Second }} URL diakses [[15 Desember]] [[2006]]
* {{Harvard reference
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| Given = Linda
| Year = 1993
| Title = Evolution
| Publisher = Dorling Kindersley
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}}
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Hodge
| Given = Charles
| Authorlink = Charles Hodge
| Title = What is Darwinism?
| Year = 1874
| Publisher = Scribner, Armstrong, and Company
| ID = ASIN B0006AEEMO
| URL = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19192/19192-8.txt
}} URL diakses [[14 Januari]] [[2007]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Huxley
| Given = Thomas
| Authorlink = Thomas Huxley
| Year = 1863
| Title = Six Lectures to Working Men "On Our Knowledge of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature" (Republished in Volume II of his Collected Essays, ''Darwiniana'')
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* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Huxley
| Given = Thomas H.
| Authorlink = Thomas Huxley
| Year = 1902
| Title = An Episcopal Trilogy 1887
| Journal = Collected Essays Science and Christian Tradition
| Volume = V
| Pages = 126-159
| URL = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15905/15905-8.txt
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* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Isaak
| Given = Mark
| Publisher = TalkOrigins Archive Foundation
| Place = Houston, TX
| Year = 2005
| Title = Claim CA111: Scientists reject evolution?
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}} URL diakses [[14 Januari]] [[2007]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname = Jones
| Given = Steve
| Authorlink =
| Year = 1999
| Title = [[Almost Like a Whale]]
| Publisher = Doubleday
| ID = ISBN 0-385-40985-0}} (contemporary introduction to ''The Origin of Species'')
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Leakey
| Given1 = Richard
| Authorlink1 = Richard Leakey
| Year = 1979
| Title = "Introduction" to: The Illustrated Origin of Species by Charles Darwin
| Publisher = Faber and Faber, London
| ID = ISBN 0-571-14586-8
}}
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Levine
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| Year = 1999
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| Year = 1979
| Title = Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter
| Journal = The Historical Journal
| Volume = 22
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| Pages = 313-330
| URL = http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html
}} URL diakses [[14 Januari]] [[2007]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Malthus
| Given1 = Thomas Robert
| Authorlink1 = Thomas Malthus
| Year = 1826
| URL = http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPlong.html
| Title = An Essay on the Principle of Population: A View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness; with an Inquiry into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils which It Occasions
| Edition = Sixth
| Publisher = John Murray
| Location = London }} URL diakses [[15 Desember]] [[2006]]
* {{Harvard reference
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| Given = Ernst
| Authorlink = Ernst Mayr
| Year = 1982
| Title = [[The Growth of Biological Thought]]
| Place = Harvard
| Publisher = Harvard University Press
| ID = ISBN 0-674-36446-5}}
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Miles
| Given1 = Sara Joan
| Year = 2001
| Title = Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design
| URL = http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html
| Journal = Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith
| Volume = 53
| Pages = 196-201 }} URL diakses [[15 Desember]] [[2006]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Moore
| Given1 = James
| Authorlink1 = James Moore (biographer)
| Surname2 = Desmond
| Given2 = Adrian
| Year = 2004
| Title = "Introduction", in Darwin's The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex
| Publisher = London: Penguin Classics
}}
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Moore
| Given1 = James
| Authorlink1 = James Moore (biographer)
| Year = 2006
| Chapter = Evolution and Wonder - Understanding Charles Darwin
| URL = http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml
| Title = Speaking of Faith (Radio Program)
| Publisher = American Public Media }} URL diakses [[15 Desember]] [[2006]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Phipps
| Given1 = William E.
| Year = 1983
| Title = Darwin, the Scientific Creationist
| URL = http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1681
| Journal = Christian Century
| Issue = September 14-21, 1983
| Pages = 809-811 }} URL diakses [[11 Januari]] [[2007]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = Winston
| Given1 = Robert
| Authorlink1 = Robert Winston
| Year = 2006
| Title = When science meets God
| Journal = [[BBC]]
| Publisher = http://www.bbc.co.uk
| URL = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4488328.stm }} URL diakses [[15 Januari]] [[2007]]
* {{Harvard reference
| Surname1 = van Wyhe
| Given1 = John
| Year = 2006
| Title = Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch
| URL = http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html }} URL diakses [[15 Desember]] [[2006]]
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wikisourcepar|The Origin of Species}}
* [http://darwin-online.org.uk/contents.html The complete work of Charles Darwin online: Table of contents], bibliografi dari [http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html ''On the Origin of Species'']: {{br}}Keduanya berisi teks lengkap ''The Origin of Species'' dalam semua edisi, termasuk terjemahan bahasa Jerman, Denmark, dan Rusia.
:Sumber lain:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050718010317/http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/pdf/Origin_of_Species.pdf Teks lengkap edisi pertama dalam format berkas pdf] di Universitas New South Wales
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/origin.html Teks lengkap edisi pertama di situs web Talk Origins]
* {{gutenberg|no=1228|name=Origin of Species, 1st Edition}}
* {{gutenberg|no=2009|name=Origin of Species, 6th Edition}}
* [http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/DarwinMiscSep99.html DarwinMiscSep99] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406111422/http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/DarwinMiscSep99.html |date=2007-04-06 }} Perubahan dalam enam edisi dari tahun 1859 hingga 1872.
* [http://www.victorianweb.org/science/texts.html Victorian Science Texts]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Origin of Species, The}}
[[Kategori:Buku tahun 1859]]
[[Kategori:Evolusi]]
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